Do populist policies always lead to economic downturns?

This CSS code defines the “Guardian Headline Full” font family with multiple styles and weights. It includes light (300), regular (400), medium (500), and semibold (600) versions, each in both normal and italic styles. The font files are provided in WOFF2, WOFF, and TrueType formats from the Guardian’s asset server.This CSS code defines several font faces for the Guardian Headline Full and Guardian Titlepiece font families. Each font face specifies different font weights and styles (normal or italic), along with their source files in WOFF2, WOFF, and TrueType formats from the Guardian’s asset server. The weights range from light (300) to black (900), with corresponding italic versions where applicable.@font-face {
font-family: Guardian Headline Full;
src: url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.woff2) format(“woff2”),
url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.woff) format(“woff”),
url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-RegularItalic.ttf) format(“truetype”);
font-weight: 400;
font-style: italic;
}

@font-face {
font-family: Guardian Headline Full;
src: url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.woff2) format(“woff2”),
url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.woff) format(“woff”),
url(https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.ttf) format(“truetype”);
font-weight: 900;
font-style: italic;
}This CSS code defines font styles and responsive grid layouts for various sections of a website, likely for The Guardian. It specifies font files and styles for Guardian Headline and Guardian Titlepiece fonts, including different weights and styles. The grid layout adjusts based on screen size, changing column structures and element placements for optimal display on devices from mobile to desktop. For larger screens, it incorporates a right column and adjusts padding and element positioning accordingly.For interactive grid figures with immersive captions in specific content areas, the caption padding is set to 4 pixels at the top and 0 elsewhere.

In various content sections, elements named “lines” and “meta” within interactive grids are positioned in the grid from row 2 to 5 and column 1 to 2. The “lines” elements have a height that fits their content and a top margin of 5 pixels, while “meta” elements have an 18-pixel top margin.

On larger screens (81.25em and above), the interactive grids in these sections use a five-column layout with specific widths: 219px, 1px, 620px, 80px, and 300px.

For iOS and Android devices, article headers have customized styles:
– Standfirst paragraphs use the Guardian Headline font family with a medium weight.
– Section kickers are displayed as blocks and capitalize their first letter.
– Keylines have a top padding of 12 pixels.
– Author bylines use the Guardian Headline font in bold, including links.
– Image figures have their inner height set to auto.
– Paragraphs following atomic figures have no top margin.

Additionally, the Guardian Headline Full font is defined with light and light italic variants, sourced from specific URLs in woff2, woff, and truetype formats.The Guardian Headline Full font family includes various styles and weights, all sourced from the Guardian’s website. These styles range from regular to bold, with both normal and italic versions available in weights of 400, 500, 600, and 700. Each font file is provided in WOFF2, WOFF, and TrueType formats for compatibility.@font-face {
font-family: ‘Guardian Headline Full’;
src: url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.woff2’) format(‘woff2’),
url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.woff’) format(‘woff’),
url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Black.ttf’) format(‘truetype’);
font-weight: 900;
font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
font-family: ‘Guardian Headline Full’;
src: url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.woff2’) format(‘woff2’),
url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.woff’) format(‘woff’),
url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-BlackItalic.ttf’) format(‘truetype’);
font-weight: 900;
font-style: italic;
}

@font-face {
font-family: ‘Guardian Titlepiece’;
src: url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-titlepiece/noalts-not-hinted/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.woff2’) format(‘woff2’),
url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-titlepiece/noalts-not-hinted/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.woff’) format(‘woff’),
url(‘https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-titlepiece/noalts-not-hinted/GTGuardianTitlepiece-Bold.ttf’) format(‘truetype’);
font-weight: 700;
font-style: normal;
}

@media (min-width: 71.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive {
margin-left: 160px;
}
}

@media (min-width: 81.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive {
margin-left: 240px;
}
}

.content__main-column–interactive .element-atom {
max-width: 620px;
}

@media (max-width: 46.24em) {
.content__main-column–interactive .element-atom {
max-width: 100%;
}
}

.content__main-column–interactive .element-showcase {
margin-left: 0;
}

@media (min-width: 46.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive .element-showcase {
max-width: 620px;
}
}

@media (min-width: 71.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive .element-showcase {
max-width: 860px;
}
}

.content__main-column–interactive .element-immersive {
max-width: 1100px;
}

@media (max-width: 46.24em) {
.content__main-column–interactive .element-immersive {
width: calc(100vw – var(–scrollbar-width));
position: relative;
left: 50%;
right: 50%;
margin-left: calc(-50vw + var(–half-scrollbar-width)) !important;
margin-right: calc(-50vw + var(–half-scrollbar-width)) !important;
}
}

@media (min-width: 46.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive .element-immersive {
transform: translate(-20px);
width: calc(100% + 60px);
}
}

@media (max-width: 71.24em) {
.content__main-column–interactive .element-immersive {
margin-left: 0;
margin-right: 0;
}
}

@media (min-width: 71.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive .element-immersive {
transform: translate(0);
width: auto;
}
}

@media (min-width: 81.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive .element-immersive {
max-width: 1260px;
}
}

.content__main-column–interactive p,
.content__main-column–interactive ul {
max-width: 620px;
}

.content__main-column–interactive:before {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
height: calc(100% + 15px);
min-height: 100px;
content: “”;
}

@media (min-width: 71.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive:before {
border-left: 1px solid #dcdcdc;
z-index: -1;
left: -10px;
}
}

@media (min-width: 81.25em) {
.content__main-column–interactive:before {
border-left: 1px solid #dcdcdc;
left: -11px;
}
}

.content__main-column–interactive .element-atom {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
padding-bottom: 12px;
padding-top: 12px;
}

.content__main-column–interactive p + .element-atom {
padding-top: 0;
padding-bottom: 0;
margin-top: 12px;
margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.content__main-column–interactive .element-inline {
max-width: 620px;
}

@media (min-width: 61.25em) {
figure[data-spacefinder-role=”inline”].element {
max-width: 620px;
}
}

:root {
–dateline: #606060;
–headerBorder: #dcdcdc;
–captionText: #999;
–captionBackground: hsla(0, 0%, 7%, 0.72);
–feature: #c70000;
–new-pillar-colour: var(–primary-pillar, var(–feature));
}

.content__main-column–interactive .element.element-atom,
.element.element-atom {
padding: 0;
}

#article-body > div .element-atom:first-of-type + p:first-of-type,
#article-body > div .element-atom:first-of-type + .sign-in-ga {
/ No additional styles specified /
}For the first paragraph in various content sections like articles, comments, and features, add a top padding of 14 pixels.

Style the first letter of these initial paragraphs with a large, bold, uppercase font from the Guardian Headline or similar serif families. Set its size to 111 pixels, line height to 92 pixels, float it to the left, and color it using a custom variable for drop caps. Also, include an 8-pixel margin to the right and align it to the top of the text.

Remove top padding for paragraphs that come right after a horizontal rule.

For showcase elements in main content, feature articles, standard articles, and comment sections, position the figure captions statically, set their width to 100%, and limit the maximum width to 620 pixels.

Make immersive elements span the full viewport width, accounting for the scrollbar. On screens up to 71.24em wide, restrict their maximum width to 978 pixels and adjust the caption padding: 10 pixels on smaller screens and 20 pixels on medium-sized ones. For devices between 46.25em and 61.24em in width, also cap the immersive element’s maximum width.@media (max-width: 46.24em) {
.element.element–immersive.element-immersive {
margin-left: -10px !important;
margin-right: 0 !important;
left: 0;
}
}

@media (max-width: 46.24em) and (min-width: 30em) {
.element.element–immersive.element-immersive {
margin-left: -20px !important;
}
.element.element–immersive.element-immersive figcaption {
padding-inline: 20px;
}
}

@media (min-width: 61.25em) {
.furniture-wrapper {
display: grid;
grid-column-gap: 20px;
grid-row-gap: 0px;
grid-template-columns: [title-start headline-start meta-start standfirst-start] repeat(5, 1fr) [title-end headline-end meta-end standfirst-end portrait-start] repeat(5, 1fr) [portrait-end];
grid-template-rows: [title-start portrait-start] .25fr [title-end headline-start] 1fr [headline-end standfirst-start] .75fr [standfirst-end meta-start] auto [meta-end portrait-end];
}
.furniture-wrapper #headline > div:first-child,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] > div:first-child,
.furniture-wrapper .headline > div:first-child {
border-top: 1px solid var(–headerBorder);
}
.furniture-wrapper #meta,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] {
position: relative;
padding-top: 2px;
margin-right: 0;
}
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst .content__standfirst,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst .content__standfirst,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] .content__standfirst {
margin-bottom: 4px;
}
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst ul li,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst ul li,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] ul li {
font-size: 20px;
}
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst li a,
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst a,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst li a,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst a,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] li a,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] a {
border-bottom: none;
background-image: none !important;
text-decoration: underline;
text-underline-offset: 6px;
text-decoration-color: var(–headerBorder, #dcdcdc);
}
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst li a:hover,
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst a:hover,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst li a:hover,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst a:hover,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] li a:hover,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] a:hover {
text-decoration-color: var(–new-pillar-colour);
}
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst p:first-of-type,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst p:first-of-type,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p:first-of-type {
border-top: 1px solid var(–headerBorder);
padding-bottom: 0;
}
}

@media (min-width: 61.25em) and (min-width: 71.25em) {
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst p:first-of-type,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst p:first-of-type,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p:first-of-type {
border-top: unset;
}
}

@media (min-width: 61.25em) {
.furniture-wrapper figure {
margin: 0 0 0 -10px;
}
.furniture-wrapper figure[data-spacefinder-role=inline].element {
max-width: 630px;
}
}

@media (min-width: 71.25em) {
.furniture-wrapper {
grid-template-columns: [title-start headline-start meta-start] repeat(2, 1fr) [meta-end standfirst-start] repeat(5, 1fr) [title-end headline-end standfirst-end portrait-start] repeat(7, 1fr) [portrait-end];
grid-template-rows: [title-start portrait-start] 80px [title-end headline-start] auto [headline-end standfirst-start meta-start] auto [standfirst-end meta-end portrait-end];
}
.furniture-wrapper #meta:before,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta]:before {
content: “”;
width: 540px;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
background-color: var(–headerBorder);
height: 1px;
}
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst p,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst p,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p {
border-top: unset;
}
.furniture-wrapper .standfirst:before,
.furniture-wrapper #standfirst:before,
.furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst]:before {
content: “”;
width: 1px;
background-color: var(–headerBorder);
height: 100%;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: .5px;
}
}

@media (min-width: 81.25em) {
.furniture-wrapper {
grid-template-columns: [title-start headline-start meta-start] repeat(3, 1fr) [meta-end standfirst-start] repeat(5, 1fr) [title-end headline-end standfirst-end portrait-start] repeat(8, 1fr) [portrait-end];
grid-template-rows: [title-start portrait-start] .25fr [title-end headline-start] 1fr [headline-end standfirst-start meta-start] .75fr [standfirst-end meta-end portrait-end];
}
}The CSS code defines styles for a webpage layout, adjusting elements like headlines, images, and captions across different screen sizes. Headlines are set to a bold font with specific widths and font sizes that change on larger screens. For medium screens, some margins are removed, and on larger screens, certain lines are hidden. Social and comment elements have borders matching the header’s color, while some components are not displayed.

The main media area is positioned relatively and adjusts its width and margins on smaller screens. Captions are placed at the bottom of images with a background color and text styling, including hiding some elements and showing others with a maximum width. A caption button is positioned in the bottom right corner, changing appearance on larger screens.

For interactive content, headings have a maximum width, and dark mode styles are applied for iOS and Android devices, with color variables for backgrounds and features.For iOS and Android devices, the first letter of the first paragraph in feature, standard, and comment articles is styled with a secondary pillar color. Article headers are hidden, while furniture wrappers have minimal padding. Labels within these wrappers are bold, use specific fonts, and adopt the new pillar color with capitalized text. Headlines are set to 32px, bold, with bottom padding and a dark gray color. Image figures in the furniture wrapper are also adjusted for these platforms.For Android devices, images in standard and comment articles are positioned relatively, with a 14px top margin, 10px negative left margin, and a width that adjusts to the viewport minus the scrollbar.

On iOS and Android, images in feature, standard, and comment articles have a transparent background and a width that accounts for the viewport minus the scrollbar, with automatic height.

The standfirst section in feature, standard, and comment articles on both iOS and Android has 4px top padding, 24px bottom padding, and a 10px negative right margin.

Paragraphs within the standfirst use the Guardian Headline font family or fallback serif fonts.

Links in the standfirst, including those in list items, are styled with the new pillar color, underlined with a 6px offset, and use the header border color for the underline, with no background image or bottom border.For iOS and Android devices, when hovering over links within the standfirst section of feature, standard, or comment articles, the text decoration color changes to the new pillar color. Additionally, the meta section in these articles has no margin, and elements like byline, author, and related links adopt the new pillar color for text. The meta misc area has no padding, and any SVG icons within it are also styled accordingly.For Android devices, the icons in the metadata section of feature, standard, and comment articles are styled with a stroke color matching the current pillar color.

On both iOS and Android, the caption button in showcase elements within feature, standard, and comment articles is displayed as a flex container. It’s centered with 5px padding, measures 28×28 pixels, and is positioned 14px from the right edge.

The article body in feature, standard, and comment articles on iOS and Android has 12px padding on the left and right sides.

For non-thumbnail and non-immersive images in the article body on both iOS and Android, they span the full viewport width minus 24px and any scrollbar width, with automatic height adjustment and no margin. Their captions have no padding.

Immersive images in the article body on both platforms extend to the full viewport width, accounting for scrollbar width.

Blockquotes marked as quoted in the article body’s prose on iOS and Android feature a colored marker before the text, using the current pillar color.

Links within the article body’s prose on iOS and Android…For iOS and Android devices, links within article bodies in feature, standard, and comment sections are styled with the primary pillar color, underlined with a 6px offset, and use the header border color for the underline. When hovered over, the underline changes to the new pillar color.

In dark mode, the furniture wrapper background becomes dark gray (#1a1a1a). Labels adopt the new pillar color, while headlines and standfirst text use the header border color. Links in standfirst sections and author bylines also take on the header border color.For iOS and Android devices, apply the following styles to feature, standard, and comment article containers:

– Set the color of meta information text and SVG strokes to the new pillar color.
– Use the dateline color for showcase image captions.
– Apply the new pillar color to quoted text in article bodies.
– Use a dark background for main content areas, ensuring it takes priority.
– Style the first letter after atomic elements with a drop cap effect in article bodies and interactive content.This CSS code targets the first letter of paragraphs that follow specific elements within various article containers on iOS and Android devices. It applies to different sections like the main article body, feature body, comment body, and interactive content areas, ensuring consistent styling for drop caps or initial letter formatting across the platform.For Android devices, the first letter of paragraphs in various article containers (feature, standard, comment) and their specific sections (article-body, feature-body, comment-body, content–interactive) will be styled with a color variable, defaulting to white. This applies to paragraphs following elements like .element-atom, .sign-in-gate, or #sign-in-gate.

On iOS and Android comment articles, the standfirst element within the furniture-wrapper has a top padding of 24px and no top margin. Additionally, all h2 headings in prose have a font size of 24px.For iOS devices, the caption button has a top padding of 6px and side padding of 5px, while on Android, it’s 4px on all sides.

In dark mode, text and icon colors adjust for better readability, using lighter shades for text and specific colors for icons and links.

The branding logo is set to display prominently when the layout includes it.

Headlines and standfirst text use a medium font weight (500) for emphasis.

The page background is a soft pink (#fff4f2) for weekend essays, with matching colors for article sections and sub-meta areas.

Lines are hidden in the layout.

On larger screens, the furniture wrapper uses a grid layout with defined rows for title, headline, and standfirst sections.

The article header has a fixed height and includes a decorative animated book GIF in the bottom right corner, which enlarges on wider screens.

A horizontal line appears below content labels on smaller screens but disappears on larger displays.

The article header height increases slightly on very large screens.For screens wider than 1300px, adjust the furniture wrapper’s article header and title elements to a height of 125px.

On the same screen size, shift the headline and related elements upward by 2 pixels.

Remove bottom padding from the headline’s inner div elements.

Within the headline wrapper, set a full height with relative positioning, hidden overflow, and 24px bottom padding. Allow headline text and links to expand to their full width without constraints.

When hovering over headlines or links, increase the underline thickness to 2px and offset it by 6px.

Style headline text, links, and bylines with 115% line height, medium font weight, and 36px font size. Increase this to 50px on screens wider than 1140px.

Position the standfirst element relatively with 4px top padding, removing it on screens above 980px and reducing to 2px above 1140px.

Ensure branding elements within the meta container are displayed.

Position the main media element relatively and assign it to the portrait grid area on screens wider than 980px. Maintain relative positioning for its inner div elements.The furniture wrapper styles the main media elements. For the main media area or elements with the data attribute for media, any span following a div is displayed as a block. Figures within these areas take up full height and have a left margin of 10 pixels.

Images and captions inside these figures are set to a width calculated from the viewport minus 40 pixels and any scrollbar width, with auto height, a left margin of 20 pixels, and vertical padding of 10 pixels. Captions also have a bottom margin of 10 pixels and padding on all sides.

A pseudo-element before each figure displays a background image that spans the viewport width minus 20 pixels and the scrollbar width, centered and without repeating, positioned absolutely at the top with a left offset of 10 pixels and inheriting the figure’s height.

On medium screens and larger (min-width: 46.25em), figures lose their left margin. Images adjust to a fixed width of 670 pixels with a smaller left margin and increased padding. The pseudo-element before the figure expands to 700 pixels and shifts left by -10 pixels. Captions become 650 pixels wide with a left margin of 15 pixels, bottom margin of 15 pixels, and padding on the sides.

For wider screens (min-width: 61.25em), the pseudo-element shrinks to 470 pixels. Images and captions reduce to 450 pixels wide with no left margin, and images have reduced padding while captions have a smaller bottom margin.

On even larger screens (min-width: 71.25em), the pseudo-element grows to 550 pixels. Images are 520 pixels wide with a 5-pixel left margin and minimal padding, and captions are 510 pixels wide with a 10-pixel left margin and bottom margin.

For the largest screens (min-width: 81.25em), the pseudo-element increases to 630 pixels. Images are 600 pixels wide with vertical padding, and captions match the image width with a 5-pixel left margin and 15-pixel bottom margin.

The caption button is positioned 15 pixels from the right and 20 pixels from the bottom. On medium screens, it moves to 45 pixels right and 30 pixels bottom, then back to 15 and 20 on wider screens, adjusting slightly to 20 pixels right on larger displays and 30 pixels bottom on the largest.

A no-media-div class centers its content both horizontally and vertically, taking up the full width.The CSS code defines styles for a furniture wrapper’s main media section, setting paragraph text to 24px size, bold weight, underlined, and a specific color. For interactive content columns on wider screens, it removes left margin and hides a pseudo-element. Supporting elements with blockquotes get a pinkish background.

First paragraphs feature a drop cap with large, uppercase, floated initial letters in a headline font and custom color. Headings are styled in dark orange, with larger font on big screens and bolder weight if containing strong tags. Figures with iframes also receive the pinkish background.

On apps and mobile platforms, follow buttons are displayed with adjusted font size, and media elements are set to fit their content. In dark mode, the background colors change to dark gray, and a book image is added as a decorative element after article headers.For iOS and Android apps, the main media figure uses a specific white frame background image. The body background is set to white on these devices.

Labels and headlines in article containers are displayed with a medium font weight.

In light mode, the background color for iOS and Android is a custom weekend essay background or a light pink shade.

For opinion content, the primary color is set to orange, and bylines use this same color.

In dark mode, the background becomes dark gray, and the opinion primary color changes to a brighter orange. Opinion article bodies and tags have their background reset to default.

Article containers use the weekend essay background color.

On larger screens, the furniture wrapper uses a grid layout with specific columns and rows for titles, headlines, and other elements.

The title and GIF wrapper is arranged in a row with space between items and positioned relatively.For iOS and Android devices, the content labels in feature, standard, and comment article containers have a font size of 17px, normal style, bold weight, and 115% line height. Links within these labels use a custom color (defaulting to #c74600) and have no text transformation.

GIF containers and their images in these sections are set to 70px by 70px. Elements with the class “book-gif-white” are hidden.

In dark mode, elements with the class “book-gif” are also hidden for iOS devices.This CSS code hides certain GIF containers with the class “book-gif” on iOS and Android devices for feature, standard, and comment article containers. Instead, it displays white versions of these GIFs with the class “book-gif-white.” Additionally, it adds a horizontal line at the bottom of the title and GIF wrapper on these devices, which spans the full viewport width on smaller screens but reduces to half the viewport width on screens larger than 61.25em.When the color scheme is set to dark on iOS or Android devices, the background color for specific elements in feature, standard, and comment article containers changes to #606060.

For screens wider than 61.25em, the portrait main media headline wrapper in these article containers on iOS and Android is assigned to the grid area named “headline.”

Additionally, headlines, bylines, and their links within the furniture wrapper of feature, standard, and comment articles on iOS and Android have a font size of 36px, normal style, medium weight (500), and a line height of 115%.For Android devices, the author’s name in comment articles is displayed in red.

In dark mode, the author’s name appears in a darker orange shade across all article types on both iOS and Android.

On iOS and Android, author profile pictures are hidden in all article layouts.

Article headlines have no bottom margin or padding on both platforms.

Author bylines are shown in italic font, but the author’s name within the byline remains in normal style.

The main media element in articles adjusts its height automatically, maintains a 4:5 aspect ratio, and has a transparent background on both operating systems.For iOS and Android devices, the following styles apply to feature, standard, and comment article containers:

– The main media figure element has full height and no left margin.
– Its inner figure is positioned at the top-left corner.
– The element’s inner container has a transparent background, visible overflow, and no padding.
– Images within these elements are set to the viewport width minus 40 pixels, with 20 pixels left margin and 25 pixels top margin.
– For images directly inside the element’s inner container, the top margin is reduced to 13 pixels.
– Figure captions in these containers also follow these styling rules.For all devices, the figure captions in the main media area will have an automatic height.

On iOS and Android devices, the captions for feature, standard, and comment articles will display as blocks with no maximum height, positioned relatively, and use a gray color defined by the –captionText variable.

On screens wider than 46.25em, figures in these containers will have no maximum width limit. A decorative element before each figure will span almost the full viewport width with small margins. Images within these figures will occupy most of the viewport width with consistent left and top spacing.

For screens wider than 61.25em, similar styling continues to apply.For iOS and Android devices, the main media figure element in article containers has specific styles. The pseudo-element before the figure has a width calculated as half the viewport width minus 20 pixels and the scrollbar width. Images within these elements are set to a width of half the viewport minus 40 pixels and the scrollbar width, with a left margin of 18 pixels, auto height, no padding, and a top margin of 10 pixels.

On larger screens (min-width: 71.25em), the pseudo-element is positioned 4 pixels higher. For even larger screens (min-width: 81.25em), the pseudo-element shifts 20 pixels to the left, and images adjust to a width of half the viewport minus 90 pixels and the scrollbar width, with a left margin of 12 pixels, a negative top margin of 10 pixels, and a top padding of 21 pixels.

In dark mode, the pseudo-element uses a white frame image as its background. Additionally, the first image in the figure has unique styling for both iOS and Android.For iOS and Android devices, the first image in the main media section of feature, standard, and comment articles has specific styling. Initially, the image’s width is set to the full viewport width minus 20 pixels and the scrollbar width, with no left margin and 10px padding.

On larger screens (min-width: 61.25em), the image width adjusts to half the viewport width minus 30px and the scrollbar width, with a 5px left margin, auto height, and 21px top padding. For even larger screens (min-width: 81.25em), the width becomes half the viewport minus 70px and the scrollbar width, with a 5px left margin, auto height, a -10px top margin, and 21px top padding.

Additionally, on screens wider than 61.25em, the figure element containing the first image has a height of 100% and a maximum width of 620px. Its pseudo-element before also adjusts to half the viewport width minus 20px and the scrollbar width, aligned to the left with full height.For iOS and Android devices, the first image in feature, standard, and comment articles has a left offset of -20px.

On screens at least 46.25em wide, the caption button in these articles is positioned 45px from the bottom.

For viewports of 61.25em or wider, the main media area in these articles is set to a portrait grid area with a maximum width of 620px and automatic height.

Figures in these articles are relatively positioned with no top margin, and their inner container is absolutely positioned 15px from the top and 20px from the left, spanning the viewport width minus 40px. Images within fill the container while maintaining their aspect ratio.

The caption button is placed 24px from the right and 20px from the bottom.

On screens 46.25em or wider, the figure’s inner container adjusts accordingly.For Android devices, the inner figure element in feature, standard, and comment articles is set to 680px wide with automatic height, positioned 10px from the top and left edges. The caption button in these articles is placed 25px from the bottom on both iOS and Android.

On wider screens (over 61.25em), figures in these articles adjust to half the viewport width minus 20px and the scrollbar width for both iOS and Android.

The standfirst section in these articles has no top margin, with 8px top padding and 10px right padding, and its decorative element is hidden. Text elements within the standfirst (paragraphs, links, and list items) use a 20px font with normal style, medium weight, 115% line height, and no bottom padding.

On larger screens (over 61.25em), the standfirst in feature articles…For iOS and Android devices, the standfirst section in feature, standard, and comment article containers is placed in the grid area named “standfirst.”

The meta section in these article types on both iOS and Android has no top padding. Within the meta section, the published date is positioned relatively and includes a thin gray line below it. This line spans the full viewport width and is positioned at the bottom, shifted slightly to the left.

On larger screens (over 61.25em wide), the meta section is displayed as a block in the grid area “meta,” and the line below the published date shortens to half the viewport width.

For even wider screens (over 81.25em), the miscellaneous meta elements have no left margin.

In dark mode, the line below the published date changes to a darker gray color.

Additionally, for iOS devices, the meta and keyline sections in feature, standard, and comment articles have a pseudo-element before them.For iOS and Android devices, hide certain meta and keyline elements in feature, standard, and comment article containers. Also, conceal rich-link asides and cutout containers in comment headers for these platforms.

Set the article and feature body backgrounds to a weekend essay color with a top margin of 6px. Style horizontal rules with a light gray background, 1px height, and specific dimensions, removing borders.

Apply a drop cap style to the first letter of the first paragraph or after a horizontal rule, using specific fonts, sizes, and colors. Make h2 headings with strong or bold text semi-bold.

In dark mode, adjust the horizontal rule color and drop cap color, and remove underlines from paragraph links.

For the first paragraph following an atom element, ensure the drop cap has medium font weight.”Change, change.” Under the hot sun, dozens of currency traders are calling out for U.S. dollars on Florida Street, a busy pedestrian avenue in Buenos Aires. These traders, known as “arbolitos” or “little trees,” are doing well ahead of the October 26 midterm elections in a country accustomed to saving in dollars.

“Now is the best time to buy,” says one arbolito, who prefers to remain anonymous. “The dollar dipped slightly, but it’s a temporary drop—it will go up again.”

Similar to her view, economists from various backgrounds anticipate a devaluation of the Argentine peso after the elections. President Javier Milei has imposed a cap on the currency to combat triple-digit inflation, but this has left the peso overvalued and drained reserves, stalling Argentina’s economy as consumers opt for cheaper imports.

Luciano Galfione, a textile manufacturer, reports that the 75-year-old family business he runs is experiencing its “worst moment in history.” Since Milei, known for his chainsaw symbolism, became president, Galfione has let go of nearly 50 employees and temporarily suspended 45 others at his Buenos Aires factory due to a sharp drop in consumer spending.

According to the Centre for Argentine Political Economy (CEPA), from December 2023 to July 2025, 18,000 businesses have shut down, and 253,800 formal jobs have been lost. Along with the exchange rate freeze that made Argentina the priciest country in South America, Milei’s administration—unlike Donald Trump’s—has cut or eliminated tariffs, putting heavily taxed domestic industries at a disadvantage compared to Chinese imports.

“It’s the perfect storm,” Galfione remarks, seeing no simple way for Milei to resolve the crisis. “If he devalues the…”If the currency collapses, inflation will skyrocket. For now, Milei’s only success has been keeping it in check—but at the expense of a severe recession.

Every Wednesday, retirees gather outside Congress to protest drastic pension cuts. Among them is Galfione, one of many feeling the impact of Argentina’s decision to embrace Milei two years ago.

Now, Milei’s populist experiment is at a critical juncture. From Trump—who is attempting to support Milei and the peso with a $20 billion currency lifeline—to Italy’s Giorgia Meloni, Hungary’s Viktor Orbán, and the UK’s Nigel Farage, politicians worldwide are watching closely. They want to see what happens when populist economic policies meet reality.

Argentina is a unique case. The country has been repeatedly shaken by debt defaults and economic crises, making its voters receptive over the years to left-wing populism, like the powerful Peronist movement, and now to Milei’s right-wing version.

Milei fits the populist mold: charismatic, anti-establishment, and promising bold policies to reclaim control of the economy for the people. These traits are shared by his ally Trump to the north and by Farage, who presents himself as a man of the people despite his privileged background.

Until recently, Milei’s strategy—featuring widespread privatizations and deep cuts in public spending—had earned praise from the IMF for helping to curb inflation. His approach resembles that of his idol Margaret Thatcher, who also saw inflation as a monster to be defeated, whatever the cost.

But in recent months, financial markets have grown wary of Milei’s radical agenda, following a poor showing in provincial elections and a string of corruption scandals. Only Trump’s massive financial intervention has prevented a full-blown currency crisis.

Milei’s struggles raise broader questions about the appeal of charismatic populists offering simple solutions in today’s complex global economy.

Across Europe, the fallout from the 2008 financial crisis created fertile ground for populism. Ordinary citizens bore the brunt of rebuilding after the crash, while banks were rescued by taxpayers. The Covid pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine added to the turmoil. Stagnant living standards, reflected in slow wage growth and rising prices, have fueled a desire for change—and for someone to blame.

In France, Emmanuel Macron is hesitant to call a snap election, fearing his center-right Renaissance party could lose to the populist Marine Le Pen. Public anger over austerity measures aimed at reducing France’s deficit and calming nervous bond markets is at the core of the conflict.

In Italy, voters turned to the charismatic right-wing populist Meloni in 2022. She had served in Silvio Berlusconi’s coalition with the far-right National Alliance and founded her own party, Brothers of Italy, in 2011, offering a radical alternative to the technocratic austerity of Mario Monti’s government. While she hasn’t adopted Milei’s drastic economic approach—for instance, she quietly abandoned earlier calls for Italy to leave the euro—she has tapped into voters’ frustration with the status quo, blaming immigration for the country’s problems.

In the UK, the appeal of Farage is easy to understand, according to Ben Ansell, a professor of comparative democratic institutions at Oxford University. “The reason is simple: people feel terrible about the economy, and have since the end of Covid or the start of the Ukraine war. They changed governments, still feel awful, don’t trust the main parties, so they turn to someone who says, ‘Everything needs shaking up—trust me.'”

The logic behind the Brexit vote in 2016 was arguably similar, and its figurehead…Boris Johnson, as prime minister, brushed aside concerns about economic specifics with a confident push to carry out the “will of the people,” despite strong opposition from the establishment.

Farage has outlined few concrete policies, except for advocating mass deportations—a stance he later seemed to adjust on the spot. He aims to curb the Bank of England’s influence, possibly even replacing its governor, Andrew Bailey, reflecting a broader distrust of the traditional establishment that is central to his populist appeal.

His tax and spending plans appear uncertain: cautious of being labeled as planning a spending spree like Liz Truss, he recently dropped a pledge for £90 billion in tax cuts. Instead, his Reform party’s deputy, Richard Tice, stated they would focus on reducing public spending.

Labour hopes to use this position to depict Farage as intending to reintroduce austerity—a point repeatedly emphasized by Chancellor Rachel Reeves, who contrasts it with her own strategy of boosting public investment.

Jo Michell, an economics professor at the University of the West of England, points out inconsistencies in Farage’s economic agenda. He notes that Reform is funded by wealthy individuals pushing for tax cuts and deregulation, yet it also appeals to working-class grievances about job losses and industrial decline. This creates a tension between backers seeking aggressive free-market policies and a narrative of reviving British industry and jobs.

Farage associates with cryptocurrency entrepreneurs but has also pledged to reopen closed steel plants and operate them using British coal.

Michell warns that if a Farage government attempted large tax cuts for the wealthy without a funding strategy, it would likely face the same negative reaction from international investors as Truss’s mini-budget did. He bluntly states that markets would reject such a plan if it lacked corresponding spending reductions.

Reform would confront the same tough challenge in winning over financial markets as many governments in developed economies currently do. High public debt from the financial crisis and COVID-19, coupled with rising defense and aging population costs, has led to increased borrowing and volatile bond markets, affecting interest rates globally.

Despite these risks, it’s uncertain how effective detailed critiques of Reform’s economic policies will be, similar to the Brexit debate. Reeves has acknowledged that Brexit contributed to lowered growth forecasts by the Office for Budget Responsibility, but Labour has been hesitant to address the issue directly.

According to Ansell, countering populist arguments requires skillful political communication, using charisma and humor.

Left-wing economist Ann Pettifor isn’t surprised by the appeal of economic populism, citing widespread anger at a system that enriches a few while impoverishing many. She proposes a left populist response, challenging corporate, central bank, and super-rich power, akin to figures like Zohran Mamdani, Zack Polanski, or Jeremy Corbyn.

Pettifor argues that while Trump blames countries like Mexico and China, the left should focus on issues with Silicon Valley and Wall Street.

Trump shares Milei’s fondness for chaos and spectacle, but his policies don’t align neatly with laissez-faire principles. Though he cut taxes for the wealthy and reduced regulation in some areas, his administration also invested in strategic companies and used trade policies as political tools—a form of interventionism more typical of Beijing than Washington.

So far, the impact of the tariff offensive has been…The US economy seems to be slowing down, but this is being hidden by a massive surge in AI investment that many experts fear could be a bubble.

A growing number of analysts argue that Trump’s criticism of the Federal Reserve and his open disrespect for legal norms may do more long-term harm to the US economy than his unpredictable trade policies.

When it comes to staying in power, research shows that populist leaders from both the left and right often struggle with practical governance, despite each claiming to have special solutions. A study in the American Economic Review looked at 51 populist leaders from 1900 to 2020 and found that after 15 years, countries led by populists typically have 10% lower GDP per person compared to similar countries with conventional governments.

The study’s authors note that populist rule often brings economic decline, financial instability, and weakened institutions. Interestingly, despite these economic downsides, populist leaders tend to stay in power longer—about eight years on average, versus four for more moderate leaders.

This suggests that even when their policies fail, populists don’t necessarily lose elections right away. Their appeal, like the Brexit campaign’s “take back control” message, often goes beyond just economic issues.

Meanwhile, in Argentina, whether President Milei’s populist agenda fails or gets propped up by Trump, the people have already suffered greatly.

Facundo Iglesia contributed to this report.

Frequently Asked Questions
Of course Here is a list of FAQs about whether populist policies lead to economic downturns with clear and concise answers

BeginnerLevel Questions

1 What exactly is a populist policy
A populist policy is a measure presented as a simple direct solution that benefits the common people against a perceived corrupt elite They often promise immediate relief like tax cuts higher welfare payments or trade barriers to protect local jobs

2 Do populist policies automatically cause a recession
No not automatically While many populist policies can harm an economy in the long run some can provide shortterm boosts The final outcome depends on the specific policy the countrys economic situation and how its funded and managed

3 What are some common examples of populist economic policies
Common examples include
Unfunded tax cuts or spending Promising big tax reductions or new social programs without a clear plan to pay for them
Protectionism Imposing high tariffs to shield domestic industries from foreign competition
Price controls Governmentmandated caps on the price of essential goods like food or fuel

4 Why do people support these policies if they can be risky
They often address real frustrations like inequality or job loss with simple emotionally appealing messages They promise quick tangible benefits which can be very attractive especially when people feel ignored by the political establishment

Intermediate Advanced Questions

5 What is the main economic risk of populist policies
The biggest risk is creating longterm instability Policies like massive unfunded spending can lead to high government debt and inflation Protectionist trade wars can make goods more expensive for everyone and hurt export industries

6 Can a populist policy ever be good for the economy
Yes in specific contexts If a policy successfully addresses a genuine market failure or deep social inequality that is hindering growth it can be beneficial For example investing in public health or education can boost longterm productivity The key is whether the policy is sustainable and welldesigned not just popular

7 Whats the difference between leftwing and rightwing populist economic policies
Leftwing populism typically focuses on wealth redistribution through higher taxes on the rich expansive social programs and increased government spending

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