New research shows that exposure to certain PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), often called “forever chemicals,” can alter gene activity in ways linked to serious health issues like multiple cancers, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. These findings bring scientists closer to understanding how these chemicals contribute to disease and could help doctors detect and treat health problems in exposed individuals before they worsen. The study may also reveal other PFAS-related diseases that haven’t yet been identified.
This research is among the first to explore how PFAS affect gene activity—a field known as epigenetics. “This gives us clues about which genes and which PFAS compounds might be most significant,” said Melissa Furlong, the study’s lead author and a PFAS researcher at the University of Arizona College of Public Health.
PFAS are a group of around 15,000 chemicals commonly used to make products water-, stain-, and grease-resistant. They’ve been tied to cancer, birth defects, weakened immunity, high cholesterol, kidney disease, and other serious health problems. They’re called “forever chemicals” because they don’t break down naturally in the environment.
The study analyzed blood samples from about 300 firefighters across the U.S. who had high PFAS exposure. These chemicals are a key ingredient in firefighting foam and are often used in protective gear because of their heat-resistant properties.
Furlong was surprised by how many genes and biological pathways were affected by PFAS, suggesting these chemicals could play a role in a wide range of health issues. While the study didn’t prove PFAS directly cause disease, it highlights biological changes that might lead to illness.
Genes help prevent or trigger disease, and PFAS disrupt their normal function, Furlong explained. For example, a gene that suppresses tumors might be altered by PFAS, increasing cancer risk. One common and harmful PFAS compound, PFOS, was found to lower levels of miR-128-1-5p, a gene linked to cancer development. Other PFAS variants were tied to changes in genes that regulate cancer growth.
Different PFAS compounds affected different genes and were associated with varying health risks. Some didn’t alter gene activity at all. The study connected PFAS-related gene changes to biological pathways involved in leukemia, bladder, liver, thyroid, and breast cancers, as well as Alzheimer’s, lupus, asthma, and tuberculosis.
While it’s still unclear exactly how PFAS trigger disease, the findings could guide potential treatments. Drug companies are working on medications that might modify gene activity to prevent PFAS-related illnesses from developing.
FAQS
### **FAQs About PFAS Chemicals Altering Gene Activity**
#### **Basic Questions**
**1. What are PFAS chemicals?**
PFAS are synthetic chemicals used in non-stick cookware, waterproof clothing, food packaging, and firefighting foam. They are called “forever chemicals” because they don’t break down easily.
**2. How does PFAS exposure affect gene activity?**
A new study found that PFAS can change how genes are turned on or off, potentially disrupting normal cell functions and increasing disease risks.
**3. How are people exposed to PFAS?**
Common sources include contaminated water, food packaging, household dust, and some consumer products like non-stick pans and stain-resistant fabrics.
**4. Should I be worried about PFAS exposure?**
While more research is needed, long-term exposure has been linked to health issues like cancer, hormone disruption, and immune system effects.
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#### **Intermediate Questions**
**5. What specific genes are affected by PFAS?**
The study suggests PFAS may alter genes involved in metabolism, immune response, and cell growth, but exact impacts vary by individual.
**6. Can PFAS exposure be reversed?**
Some gene changes may be reversible if exposure stops, but PFAS stays in the body for years, so reducing exposure early is key.
**7. How can I check if I’ve been exposed to PFAS?**
Blood tests can detect PFAS levels, but they’re not routinely done. If you suspect exposure, consult a doctor or environmental health specialist.
**8. Are certain PFAS chemicals worse than others?**
Yes, long-chain PFAS are more strongly linked to health risks, but newer short-chain versions may also pose concerns.
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#### **Advanced Questions**
**9. Does PFAS alter DNA itself or just gene activity?**
PFAS mainly affects gene expression rather than mutating DNA directly, but long-term changes could still harm health.
**10. Are children more at risk from PFAS exposure?**
Yes, children’s developing bodies are more sensitive to chemical exposures, and gene disruptions could have long-term effects.
**11. How do PFAS chemicals influence gene activity?**
They may interfere
