A watan Afrilun da ya gabata, Vladimir Putin ya ziyarci harabar Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Moscow ta Bauman, wadda ke gabar kogin Yauza a gabashin Moscow. Jami'ar tana da wasu daga cikin mafi hazikan masana kimiyya a kasar. Ya zagaya harabar, ya gana da daliban digiri na farko, kuma ya yi magana game da manyan shirye-shiryen Moscow na ayyukan sararin samaniya zuwa wata da duniyar Mars. Putin ya gaya wa daliban, "Kuna da duk abin da ake bukata don yin gasa."
Abin da asusun hukuma na Kremlin game da ziyarar Putin bai ambata ba shi ne wani sashe na sirri a cikin jami'ar, wanda ake kira Sashe na 4, ko "Horarwa ta Musamman." A can, ana shirya wasu zaɓaɓɓun dalibai a hankali don ayyuka a cikin GRU—hukumar leken asirin sojan Rasha. Ma'aikatan GRU sun yi kutse a majalisun dokokin Yammacin Turai, sun lalata masu adawa a ƙasashen waje, kuma sun tsoma baki a zaɓe a duk faɗin Turai da Amurka.
Har zuwa yanzu, rawar da sashen ke takawa wajen horar da ma'aikatan leken asiri na gaba ta kasance a ɓoye, kuma ƙaramin rukuni na masana ne kawai suka sani. Wani tsohon babban jami'in tsaron Rasha ya ce, "Wani lokaci ana fara ganin ka daga makaranta, sannan ka tafi Bauman ka shiga ayyukan... wani bangare ne na hanyar samar da ma'aikata."
Wannan hanya—daga ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin Rasha kai tsaye zuwa cikin na'urorin leken asirin sojanta—an bayyana ta a karon farko a cikin fiye da takardu 2,000 na ciki daga Bauman. Waɗannan 'yan jarida daga shida daga cikin kafofin watsa labarai ne suka samu: Guardian, Der Spiegel, Le Monde, the Insider, Delfi, da VSquare. Fayilolin, waɗanda suka ƙunshi shekaru da yawa na ayyuka har zuwa 2025, sun haɗa da tsarin karatu, bayanan jarrabawa, kwangilolin ma'aikata, da ayyukan aiki na ɗaiɗaikun waɗanda suka kammala karatu. Suna bin diddigin tafiyar daliban daga darussan aji na kutse da yada farfaganda zuwa aikawa zuwa wasu daga cikin shahararrun sassan yanar gizo a cikin leken asirin sojan Rasha.
Bauman, ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in fasaha na Rasha, bai taɓa ɓoye alaƙarsa da soja ba. An kafa ta a shekara ta 1830, daga baya ta horar da injiniyoyi da masana kimiyya waɗanda suka kera rokoki, tankoki, da tsarin makamai na Soviet, kuma tana ci gaba da yin hakan a yau. A cikin wata wasika ta ciki ta 2013 da Guardian ta gani, wadda aka aika zuwa ga Ministan Tsaro na lokacin Sergei Shoigu, shugaban jami'ar ya rubuta cewa tana gudanar da bincike da ci gaba fiye da kowace cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi a Rasha, tare da fiye da kashi 40% na shi ana yin shi don bukatun Ma'aikatar Tsaro.
Tsarin karatu da ke cikin cibiyar horar da soja ta jami'ar, Sashe na 4, ya kasu kashi uku na ƙwararrun ƙwararru, a cewar takardun. Mafi shahara, mai lambar 093400, ana kiransa "Sabis na Leken Asiri na Musamman." Takardun sun nuna cewa GRU na da iko kai tsaye kan tsarin daukar ma'aikata da tantancewa—tana aika jami'anta don gudanar da jarrabawa, amincewa da 'yan takara, da kula da wuraren aiki. Hoton da ke fitowa shi ne na wani shiri inda layin da ke tsakanin farfesa da mai kula, da kuma tsakanin koyarwa da daukar ma'aikata, ya zama mara kyau.
Sashen yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Kirill Stupakov, jami'in leken asirin sigina. A cewar takardun, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a shekara ta 2022 tare da Rukunin GRU 45807, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sassan hukumar. Ba a bayyana ko har yanzu yana kan aiki ba. A Bauman, darussan Stupakov sun haɗa da horar da dalibai don ƙwarewa a sauraron saƙonni na lantarki da sa ido a ɓoye. Hotunan PowerPoint, waɗanda ake tsammani an tsara su don laccocinsa kuma ƙungiyar ta duba su, sun zama katalogi na yaudara: na'urar gano hayaki wanda a zahiri kyamara ce, na'urar da ke zaune ba a gane ta tsakanin madannai da kwamfuta tana rubuta kowane bugun maɓalli, da kuma kebul na allo wanda ya zama na'urar ɗaukar hoto ta shiru, tana adana hotuna a cikin faifan ɓoye.
Wani malami da aka ambata a cikin takardun shine Viktor Netyksho, wani Manjo Janar da Yammacin Turai ya kakaba masa takunkumi wanda ya jagoranci Rukunin 26165. Wata ƙungiyar kutse da aka sani da Fancy Bear – wadda Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta tuhumi membobinta da tsoma baki a zaɓen shugaban kasa na 2016.
[Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo: Gidan ƙungiyar kutse Fancy Bear, wanda ke cikin ginin hukumar leken asirin sojan Rasha a Moscow. Hoton: Alexander Zemlianichenko/AP]
Daga cikin mahimman darussan akwai wanda ake kira "Kariya daga leken asirin fasaha." A cikin sa'o'i 144 a cikin semesters biyu, dalibai suna koyon cikakken kayan aikin kutse na zamani, gami da hare-haren kalmar sirri, raunin software, da abin da ake kira trojans – shirye-shirye masu cutarwa waɗanda aka ɓoye a matsayin software na halal waɗanda zasu iya ba da damar shiga tsarin ba tare da izini ba.
Don cin jarrabawar, dalibai dole ne su gudanar da "gwaje-gwajen shiga a aikace," kuma wani module gaba ɗaya ya mayar da hankali kan ƙwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta. A matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewa, dole ne su ƙera ɗaya da kansu.
Hakanan ana koya wa dalibai tsari da tsarin hukumomin leken asirin sojan Amurka da Birtaniya. Darussan daban sun ƙunshi amfani da leken asirin Yammacin Turai a yaƙin Ukraine, da kuma haɓaka jiragen leken asiri da jirage masu saukar ungulu na abokan gaba a fagen fama na Ukraine.
Baya ga ayyukan kutse, tsarin karatu ya haɗa da yaƙin bayanai. Dole ne dalibai masu ci gaba su kammala wani taron karawa juna sani kan haɓaka yaƙin neman zaɓe na yada farfaganda, a cewar takardun. An ba su aikin ƙirƙirar bidiyo na kafofin sada zumunta ta amfani da "magudi, matsi, da farfaganda ta ɓoye."
Dalibai suna koyon hanyoyin magudin tunani da yadda za su sanya "daidaitaccen" fahimtar bayanai a kan masu sauraro.
Kayan koyarwa kuma suna cika dalibai da akidar Kremlin: yaƙin Ukraine "babu makawa ne"; "'yan kishin ƙasa da neo-Nazis" suna kan mulki a can; kuma 'yan Rasha a Donbas suna fuskantar "kisan kare dangi," da ƙasashen Turai ke goyon baya.
Hukumomin leken asirin Yammacin Turai sun ƙara yin magana game da girman ayyukan yanar gizo na Rasha a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
A cikin wani rahoto da aka buga a watan Fabrairu, hukumomin leken asirin Holland sun yi gargadin cewa Rasha tana ƙara ayyukan haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin Turai, tana haɗa hare-haren yanar gizo, zagon ƙasa, da ayyukan tasiri da ke kaiwa ga muhimman abubuwan more rayuwa.
A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, ministan tsaron farar hula na Sweden, Carl-Oskar Bohlin, ya zargi Rasha a fili da yin hare-haren yanar gizo na lalata akai-akai a kan cibiyoyin EU.
Daga dakin karatu zuwa Sandworm
Takardun sun nuna cewa daga cikin dalibai 69 da suka kammala karatu daga Sashe na 4 a bazara na 2024 akwai Daniil Porshin, wanda ya shafe shekaru shida a Bauman yana riƙe da maki kusan cikakke yayin da yake buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta sashen wasa. Bayan kammala karatunsa, an tura shi zuwa Fancy Bear.
Ba kowane dalibi ne ya cancanta ba: fayilolin sun nuna cewa an kori ko kuma sun kasa kammala karatu da yawa, kuma tantancewar wasu dalibai, waɗanda manyan jami'an GRU da ke kula da shirin suka rubuta, na iya zama mai tsauri. "Rashin fahimtar yadda ake gudanar da harin cibiyar sadarwa ta nesa," in ji wani kimantawa.
Da yawa ana ganin sun cancanci yin aiki a cikin GRU, duk da haka: wasu 15 daga rukunin Porshin an tura su cikin sassan GRU.
Daga cikinsu akwai wani dalibi wanda ya fara aikin sa na farko a wancan lokacin rani, mai nisan mil 900 (kilomita 1,500) daga Moscow a Rukunin 74455 a garin Anapa na Bahar Black – ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na Rasha, kuma gidan ƙungiyar kutse da gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ke kira Sandworm.
[Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo: Hoton neman mutane na FBI daga 2023 na membobi shida na Rukunin GRU 74455, wanda aka sani da Sandworm. Hoton: FBI]
Hukumomin leken asirin Yammacin Turai sun zargi Sandworm da yin wasu daga cikin hare-haren yanar gizo mafi lalata a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, gami da kaiwa ga grid ɗin wutar lantarki na Ukraine a 2015, yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban Faransa Emmanuel Macron a 2017, wasannin Olympics na lokacin sanyi na Koriya ta Kudu a 2018, da kuma binciken Birtaniya game da guba da aka yi wa jijiyoyi a Salisbury.
Ƙungiyar ta aika da buƙatun neman ra'ayi game da zarge-zargen zuwa Jami'ar Bauman, da kuma zuwa Netyksho, Stupakov, da Porshin, amma ba su sami amsa ba a lokacin bugawa.
Yayin da yaƙin a Ukraine ke ci gaba, kuma masana leken asiri sun nuna cewa Rasha tana ƙara "hare-haren haɗin gwiwa" a kan ƙawayen Ukraine na Turai. Suna da alama suna gudanar da wani babban yaƙin neman zaɓe na tsoma baki da zagon ƙasa da nufin haifar da hargitsi a Yammacin Turai, yayin da suke ɓoye ayyukansu da kuma guje wa ketare layin da zai iya haifar da martanin soja.
Kutse da hare-haren yanar gizo sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na wannan dabarar, kuma takardun sun nuna cewa shirin Bauman bai nuna alamun raguwa ba. Ƙungiyar ƙarshe ta masu horarwa ba za su kammala karatu ba har sai ƙarshen shekarar karatu ta 2027.
Yayin da wannan tarin takardu ke ba da wani kallo da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba a cikin shirin horar da ma'aikatan yanar gizo na sirri da tsari na Rasha, masana ciki sun ce wani ɓangare ne kawai na hoton. A cewar wani tsohon jami'in tsaro, wata jami'ar Rasha, Mirea, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen horar da masu kutse.
"Bauman na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jami'o'i masu daraja da ake amfani da su don gano ƙwararrun dalibai don daukar ma'aikata zuwa tsarin soja da leken asiri," in ji majiyar.
Tuntuɓi mu
Tuntuɓi mu game da wannan labari
Mafi kyawun aikin jarida na amfanin jama'a ya dogara da labarai na farko daga mutanen da suka sani. Idan kana da wani abu da za ka raba game da wannan batu, za ka iya tuntuɓar mu a asirce ta amfani da hanyoyin masu zuwa:
Saƙon Tsaro a cikin Guardian app
Guardian app yana da kayan aiki don aika bayanai game da labarai. Ana ɓoye saƙonni daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe kuma a ɓoye su a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun da kowane Guardian mobile app ke yi. Wannan yana hana kowa sanin cewa kana sadarwa da mu kwata-kwata, balle abin da ake faɗa.
Idan ba ka riga ka sami Guardian app ba, sauke shi (iOS/Android) kuma je zuwa menu. Zaɓi 'Secure Messaging'.
SecureDrop
Idan za ka iya amfani da hanyar sadarwar Tor lafiya ba tare da an lura da kai ko sa ido ba, za ka iya aika saƙonni da takardu zuwa Guardian ta hanyar dandalinmu na SecureDrop.
Jagorarmu a theguardian.com/tips ta lissafa hanyoyi da yawa don tuntuɓar mu lafiya kuma ta tattauna fa'idodi da rashin amfanin kowace hanya.
Tambayoyin da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da makarantar leken asirin Rasha da aka ruwaito bisa ga bayanan da ake samu a bainar jama'a da rahotannin bincike
Tambayoyin Matakin Farko
1 Menene wannan makarantar leken asiri da gaske
Cibiyar horarwa ce ta sirri da hukumomin leken asirin Rasha ke gudanarwa An tsara ta don koyar da sabbin ma'aikata yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan yanar gizo gami da kutse yada farfaganda da tsoma baki a zaɓen ƙasashen waje
2 Ina take
Rahotannin bincike kamar na The Insider da Der Spiegel sun nuna makarantar kusa da garin Sernur a Jamhuriyar Mari El ta Rasha kimanin mil 500 gabas da Moscow Ana yawan kiranta da cibiyar Sernur
3 Wanene ke halartar wannan makarantar
Ma'aikata galibi matasa ne masu fasaha na Rasha galibi ana daukar su daga jami'o'i ko makarantun soja Ana tantance su don aminci da iyawa kafin a horar da su a matsayin 'yan leken asirin yanar gizo
4 Menene ainihin abin da suke koyarwa a can
Tsarin karatu ya haɗa da
Dabarun kutse Shiga cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta satar bayanai
Injiniyan zamantakewa Yaudarar mutane don bayyana kalmomin sirri ko bayanai
Farfaganda Ƙirƙirar labarai na karya asusun kafofin sada zumunta na karya da bots don sarrafa ra'ayin jama'a
Tsoma baki a zaɓe Hanyoyin kutse tsarin zaɓe satar saƙonni na yaƙin neman zaɓe da amfani da bayanan da aka fitar don rinjayar masu jefa ƙuri'a
5 Shin wannan makarantar gaskiya ce ko kuma jita-jita ce kawai
Gaskiya ce Masu binciken jarida da yawa da kuma majiyoyin leken asiri sun tabbatar da wanzuwarta An buga hotuna da hotunan tauraron dan adam na cibiyar kuma an yi hira da tsoffin ma'aikata
6 Shin an danganta makarantar da wasu hare-hare na musamman
Ee Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa waɗanda suka kammala karatu daga wannan makarantar sun shiga cikin manyan ayyuka gami da
Tsoma baki a zaɓen Amurka na 2016
Ayyukan Kutse da Fitowa a kan zaɓen Faransa na 2017
Kutse Hukumar Yaki da Kwayoyin Kara Kwayoyin Duniya a 2016
Tambayoyi Masu Ci gaba
7 Ta yaya makarantar ta bambanta da ƙungiyar kutse ta yau da kullun
Ƙungiyar kutse ta yau da kullun yawanci tana da dalilin kuɗi ne Wannan makarantar tana da tallafin gwamnati kuma tana da dalilin siyasa Manufarta ba ta samun riba ba ce amma fa'idar siyasa da yanki raunana abokan gaba haifar da hargitsi da rinjayar gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje Horarwar kuma ta fi tsari sosai
