A cikin wani maraice mai sanyi a cikin zuciyar masana'antar motoci ta Turai, wani mai keke wanda ya daɗe yana yaƙi don samun tituna mafi aminci ya fita a kan keken sa a karo na ƙarshe. Andreas Mandalka ya shafe shekaru yana rubuta tuki mai haɗari da rashin ingancin hanyoyin keke. Ya auna yadda motoci ke kusantar shi kuma ya sanya bidiyoyin cin zarafi a sarari. Ko da yake yana saurin tunatar da masu karatu cewa ƙananan direbobi ne kawai ke yin mugun hali, mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo mai shekaru 44 a Baden-Württemberg, Jamus, ya yi fushi da hukumomi don rashin ɗaukar mataki. Ya ji suna ganinsa a matsayin mai damuwa.
Yayin da yake tafiya a kan wani madaidaiciyar hanya da aka gyara wacce ke tafiya tare da hanyar daji da ya yi alama a matsayin mara aminci, tare da fitilu a kan keken sa da kwalkwali a kansa, wata mota ta buge shi daga baya kuma ta kashe shi.
"Na kwanta a wannan maraice, na kalli wayar hannu, na ga rahoton 'yan sanda game da wani hatsari a yankinmu," in ji Siegfried Schüle, abokin Mandalka daga ƙungiyar keke a Pforzheim. "Nan da nan na ji wani bakon ji. Na sake buga tweet din 'yan sanda, da kurakuran rubutu da duka, kuma kawai na rubuta: 'Andreas, yaya kake?' Wannan shine saƙo na ƙarshe a gare shi."
Mandalka yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane 19,934 da aka kashe a kan hanyoyin EU a 2024, waɗanda ke cikin mafi aminci a duniya. Hatsarin motoci na haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.19 a duk duniya kowace shekara.
Yayin da masu kera motoci ke cika kasuwa da manyan nau'ikan motoci masu cutarwa, ƙarin matsin lamba na gurɓataccen iska, canjin yanayi, da rashin daidaiton farashin man fetur da dizal suna haifar da sabbin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don karya dogaron al'umma ga motoci.
"Ba game da cire wani abu daga kowa ba ne," in ji Schüle, wanda ya kafa kamfani. "Game da ba kowa 'yanci iri ɗaya ne don motsawa cikin aminci, ko da ba su da lasisin tuki."
Masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a suna kokawa don bayyana haɗarin da motoci ke haifarwa ba tare da jin daɗi ba. Injina masu ƙarfi a cikin kejin ƙarfe, yawancinsu suna ƙona man fetur da ke gurɓata iska da dumama duniya, suna wucewa da sauri kusa da makarantu, gidaje, da asibitoci. Tayoyin roba suna harba ƙurar hanya da microplastics cikin iska. Manyan abubuwan more rayuwa suna ɗaukar sarari don hanyoyin keke, suna tilasta masu tafiya su yi tuki da yawa kuma su rage motsa jiki, yayin da suke iyakance sarari don wuraren shakatawa inda mutane za su iya yin hulɗa da jin daɗin yanayi. Yin shimfida wuraren kore yana haifar da zafi mai zafi, ambaliya mai sauri, da matsanancin damuwa.
"Jerin yana ci gaba," in ji Dr. Audrey de Nazelle, masanin cututtukan muhalli a Kwalejin Imperial ta London. Amma ta ce wani ɓangare na matsalar shi ne cewa haɗarin ya yadu sosai, wanda ke sa ya zama da wahala a rage amfani da mota. Masu tsara manufofi galibi suna mai da hankali kan gyare-gyare na keɓe, kamar motocin lantarki don yaƙar canjin yanayi ko ƙarin fasalulluka na aminci don rage mutuwar haɗari.
"A cikin gudanarwa, akwai mafita daban don komai, amma babu hanyar da za a rungumi duk fa'idodin—kuma wannan shine abin da ke hana canji," in ji De Nazelle.
Alamun takaici sun fara bayyana. Magajin gari a duniya suna jin ƙarin kwarin gwiwa wajen sake raba sararin hanya don neman iska mai tsabta, kuma yawancin direbobi—waɗanda kuɗi, jin daɗi, lafiya, ko muhalli ke motsa su—suna son fita daga bayan sitiyarin. A Turai, wani binciken Ipsos ya gano cewa mutane da yawa fiye da waɗanda ba su ba suna ba da rahoton tafiya da amfani da jigilar jama'a a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, yayin da amfani da mota na sirri ya ɗan faɗi daga fifiko. Ko a cikin Amurka mai mayar da hankali kan mota, wani bincike a watan Fabrairu ya gano cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na manya masu mallakar mota a birane da kewayen birane suna da "sha'awar" rayuwa ba tare da mota ba, tare da kashi biyu cikin biyar suna buɗe wa ra'ayin.
Abin mamaki, sabbin kira don fita daga hanya sun fito daga masana makamashi maimakon likitoci ko masu kare muhalli. A watan Maris, Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) ta ƙarfafa raba mota, tuki a hankali, da yin aiki daga gida don rage matsin lamba. Girgizar da ke tattare da hauhawar farashin man fetur da yaƙin Iran ya haifar ya zama gargaɗi. Ta shawarci ƙasashe kada su yaƙi hauhawar farashin man fetur da tallafin gama gari—kamar yadda da yawa suka yi a lokacin rikicin makamashi na ƙarshe—kuma a maimakon haka ta ba da shawarar tallafin kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyi masu rauni.
Matsakaicin sawun nau'ikan motocin da aka sayar a Amurka ta nau'in abin hawa
Duk da haka ko da yake dalilan rage dogaron mota suna ƙara ƙarfi, motocin da kansu suna ci gaba da girma. Manyan motoci suna ɓata man fetur, suna fitar da gurɓatawa, suna ɗaukar sarari, kuma suna haifar da lalacewa a cikin haɗari. A Turai, inda yawancin sabbin motocin da aka sayar sune SUVs, matsakaicin nauyin abin hawa ya karu tun 2010 da kashi 9% ga motocin injin konewa da kashi 70% ga motocin batir na lantarki, bisa ga bayanai daga Majalisar Kasa da Kasa kan Tsabtace Sufuri, ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta. Bayan cutarwar kai tsaye, yanayin zuwa manyan motocin lantarki na iya rage sauyawa daga motocin da ke ƙone man fetur ta hanyar sanya madadin tsabta ya yi tsada ga mutane da yawa.
"Turai tana kan mararraba," in ji Lucien Mathieu, darektan motoci a Transport and Environment (T&E), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Brussels. Ya ce zaɓin da ke gaba shine ko dai a kera "ƙananan motocin lantarki masu araha" waɗanda China ta fara yaɗawa a duk faɗin ƙasashe masu tasowa, ko kuma a rungumi "manyan SUVs da manyan motoci" masu tsada waɗanda Amurka ta goyi bayan. Bayanan hukuma sun nuna cewa fiye da kashi 80% na motocin da aka sayar a Amurka yanzu sune SUVs, vans, ko manyan motocin daukar kaya.
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
Dubban manyan motocin daukar kaya kamar Ford F-150 suna kan titunan Turai, suna ƙetare ƙa'idodin aminci na EU ta hanyar wata hanya ta shigo da kaya. Hoton: ifeelstock/Alamy
A yanzu, SUVs da ke toshe hanyoyin Turai suna da ƙanana daidai da ma'aunin Arewacin Amurka, tare da babbar barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam ta fito daga tsayin bumper mafi girma fiye da ƙarin gurɓatawa da nauyin da aka ƙara ke kawowa. Amma har ma da manyan motoci suna jira a gefe. Dubban manyan motocin daukar kaya kamar Dodge Ram 1500 da Ford F-150 an tuka su a kan titunan Turai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, suna guje wa ƙa'idodin aminci na EU ta hanyar wata hanya ta baya wacce ke ba da damar shigo da motoci ɗaya ɗaya a ƙarƙashin yanayi marasa tsauri. Ƙoƙarin rufe wannan hanya ya kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta Amurka-EU a bara wacce ke kira ga "yarda da juna ga ƙa'idodin juna" kan motoci.
Yarjejeniyar, wacce aka sanya hannu amma ba a amince da ita ba—abin da ya fusata Donald Trump—tana taimaka wa masu kera motoci shigar da manyan motoci cikin Turai. A watan Disamba, Majalisar Manufofin Motoci ta Amurka (AAPC) ta rubuta wa Sakataren Kasuwanci na Amurka Howard Lutnick don nuna rashin amincewa da canje-canjen da aka tsara ga tsarin amincewar shigo da kaya na EU. Watan da ya gabata, a cikin wani bin diddigin da Guardian ta gani, ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta yi iƙirarin cewa sabon daftarin tsari shine "babban shingen kasuwanci" wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyar. Daga cikin ƙin yarda da ita akwai buƙatun gwada motoci zuwa ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki na Turai, sanya su da matattarar barbashi na gas, da kuma sanya su da kariyar masu tafiya a ƙasa kafin lokacin da AAPC ke ganin zai yiwu.
Matsakaicin nauyin nau'ikan motocin da aka sayar a Amurka ta nau'in abin hawa
Masu kera motoci a Arewacin Amurka da Turai sun yi ƙoƙarin ba da hujjar canjin zuwa manyan motoci ta hanyar cewa suna biyan buƙatun masu amfani don manyan motoci masu faɗi. Ko da a lokacin rikicin tsadar rayuwa, abokan ciniki sun kasance a shirye su biya ƙarin don motocin da suka fi tsada don siya da tuki, tare da hauhawar direbobin da ke kasa biyan lamunin mota yana ƙara ƙararrawa a Wall Street. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masana'antar motoci tana ɓoye rawar da tallace-tallacen su ke takawa wajen ƙirƙirar buƙata yayin da take neman babban ribar da SUVs ke bayarwa.
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
Paris da London kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan suka ɗauki matakai don inganta jigilar jama'a, raba sararin hanya da masu keke, da kuma ƙuntata masu tuki. Hoton: Bloomberg/Getty Images
Shin Turai za ta bi yanayin Arewacin Amurka na manyan motoci? Akwai wasu alamun cewa haɓakar SUVs na iya haifar da juriya. Al'adar mota, gabaɗaya, tana da tushe mai zurfi. Wasu ƙananan biranen Turai sun fara rage dogaron mota shekaru da yawa da suka gabata—kamar biranen Holland da Denmark waɗanda suka cire manyan hanyoyin birni kuma suka gina hanyoyin keke bayan rikicin mai a shekarun 1970. Amma wasu shugabanni, kamar London da Paris, kwanan nan suka ɗauki manyan matakai. Ƙoƙarinsu na inganta jigilar jama'a, raba sararin hanya da masu keke, da kuma ƙuntata direbobi yanzu ana ambaton su a duk faɗin Turai a matsayin hujjar cewa nisantar mota yana yiwuwa kuma yana da kyawawa.
Duk da haka ko a cikin waɗannan wurare masu ci gaba, goyon baya yana da gauraya. A London, gabatar da yankin fitar da hayaki mai ƙarancin gaske ya haifar da martani mai yawa har ya zama cibiyar wata babbar makircin karya, wanda ya nuna "biranen minti 15" a matsayin makircin duniya don sarrafa gwamnati. A Paris, wanda canjinta a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar magajin gari Anne Hidalgo aka yi bikin a duniya, kuri'un jama'a kan sanya titunan makaranta don masu tafiya a ƙasa da cajin ƙarin don manyan motoci don yin fakin an ci su da ƙananan kuri'u masu lamba ɗaya—ko da yake zaɓen gunduma na baya-bayan nan ya nuna ƙananan sha'awar komawa baya.
Ko da kiran IEA na adana man fetur an yi watsi da shi sosai a wajen Asiya, inda ƙarancin ya fi tsanani. EU ta tura matakan rage buƙata zuwa wani ƙarin na "kyawawan ayyuka na ƙasa" a cikin kunshin martanin gaggawa da ta fitar a watan da ya gabata. A Amurka, rashin jigilar jama'a da unguwannin da ake iya tafiya a ƙasa yana nufin mutane kaɗan ne kawai ke da zaɓin guje wa tuki.
A zuciyar matsalar, wasu masu binciken sufuri da masu fafutuka sun ce, matakan da ke ƙuntata direbobi ana nuna su a matsayin hare-hare kan 'yancin jama'a da gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi—yayin da farashin al'adar mota kawai ake watsi da shi.
"Idan wani ya sayi sabon SUV kuma ya yi fakin a kan titi, sararin ya ɓace," in ji Schüle. "A matsayinmu na al'umma, ba mu da matsala da sanya wannan kadarar mai zaman kanta a cikin sararin jama'a—an yarda da shi gaba ɗaya. Amma lokacin da wani ya ce, 'Kai, muna son gina hanyar keke a nan,' hayaniyar tana da yawa."
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da mararraba da al'adar SUV ta Turai ke fuskanta, an rubuta su cikin yanayin tattaunawa na halitta tare da amsoshi bayyanannu.
Tambayoyin Matakin Farko
1. Menene ainihin al'adar SUV?
Yana nufin fifikon fifiko na siyan manyan motocin wasanni masu nauyi fiye da ƙananan motoci kamar hatchbacks ko sedans. A Turai, SUVs yanzu suna samar da fiye da rabin sabbin tallace-tallacen mota.
2. Me yasa kowa ke magana game da SUVs da rikice-rikice kwatsam?
Turai tana fuskantar matsin lamba da yawa a lokaci guda: hauhawar farashin man fetur, manufofin canjin yanayi, gurɓataccen iska a birane, da buƙatar rage dogaro da man fetur na waje. SUVs, waɗanda ke amfani da man fetur da kayan aiki da yawa, ana ganin su a matsayin alamar matsalar.
3. Ta yaya SUVs ke cutar da muhalli fiye da mota ta al'ada?
Suna da nauyi kuma ba su da iska sosai, don haka suna ƙona man fetur da yawa a kowace kilomita. Wannan yana nufin hauhawar fitar da CO2 da sau da yawa muni gurɓataccen iska. Hakanan suna buƙatar ƙarin albarkatun ƙasa don ginawa.
4. Shin gwamnati tana son hana SUV na?
A'a, ba kai tsaye ba. Babu wata ƙasar Turai da ke ba da shawarar hana SUVs da ke akwai. A maimakon haka, ana gabatar da manufofi don sanya su zama marasa sha'awa don siya da tuki, kamar ƙarin haraji, kuɗin fakin, ko ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki masu tsauri don sabbin motoci.
5. Menene ma'anar mararraba?
Yana nufin cewa Turai dole ne ta yi zaɓi mai wuya. Ko dai ta ci gaba da barin mutane su sayi manyan motoci, ko kuma ta yi amfani da sabbin dokoki da abubuwan ƙarfafawa don tura mutane zuwa ƙananan, masu nauyi, motoci masu inganci.
Tambayoyin Matakin Tsaka-tsaki
6. Shin SUVs na lantarki sun fi kyau ga muhalli?
Suna da kyau ga fitar da hayaki na bututun hayaƙi, amma ba su zama cikakkiyar mafita ba. Har yanzu suna da nauyi sosai, wanda ke nufin suna buƙatar manyan batir, suna sa tayoyin su lalace da sauri, kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin makamashi don caji.
7. Wadanne manufofi ne birane ke amfani da su don rage SUVs?
Yawancin biranen Turai suna yin ƙirƙira. Misalan sun haɗa da:
Paris: Ninka kuɗin fakin SUVs sau uku.
Lyon: Caji ƙarin don manyan motoci a yankunan fitar da hayaki marasa ƙarfi.
"A kan mararrabar hanya": shin yawan rikice-rikice da ke karuwa zai tilasta Turai ta rage al'adun SUV dinta?
