Gloria Steinem, 'yar Amurka mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma 'yar jarida wadda gwagwarmayarta ta taimaka wajen ciyar da hakkin mata a duniya gaba, ta rasu tana da shekaru 92.
Steinem "ta rasu cikin kwanciyar hankali a gidanta da ke birnin New York, tana kewaye da wasu daga cikin mutanen da suke kaunarta," a cewar wata sanarwa da aka wallafa a shafinta na Instagram.
"Kusan karni da Gloria ta yi a duniya shekaru ne da aka yi amfani da su sosai, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki don neman daidaito har zuwa karshe," in ji karin bayanin. "Babbar baiwar Gloria ita ce iyawarta na sauraron wasu, don sa wasu su ji an gan su kuma an ji su. Kalamanta, ayyukanta, da misalinta sun ba mutane izini su zama ainihin kansu."
Steinem ta kawo ra'ayin mata a cikin al'umma ta hanyar jarida mai zurfi, jawabai, da gwagwarmaya. Marubuciyar littattafai tara, ta yi yaki da cin zarafin mata a gida, kaciya, masana'antar batsa, da yakin Vietnam da Gulf. Ta kuma goyi bayan dalilai da suka hada da Black Lives Matter, sake hadewar Koriya, hakkin haihuwa na mata, hakkin LGBTQ, da kuma yunkurin Times Up. A shekarar 1984, an kama ta yayin da take zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata a wajen ofishin jakadancin Afirka ta Kudu a Washington DC.
An haifi Steinem a Ohio a shekarar 1934, ta girma a cikin wani gidan tirela. Ciwon kwakwalwa na mahaifiyarta ya sa ta ke da wahalar rike aiki, kuma ta shafe lokaci tana shiga da fita daga asibitocin masu tabin hankali. Lokacin da Steinem ke da shekaru 10, iyayenta sun rabu. Yayin da take girma a wani gida maras kyau a Toledo tare da mahaifiyarta, ta fara lura da kiyayyar da mahaifiyarta ke fuskanta a matsayin mace mai aiki.
Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwalejin mata a shekarar 1956, Steinem ta tafi Indiya na tsawon shekaru biyu, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakardar shari'a a kotun kolin kasar. Da ta koma Amurka, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Independent Research Service, wani reshen CIA wanda ke daukar daliban Amurka don tarwatsa bikin matasa na duniya da Soviets ke sarrafa a Vienna da Helsinki. Steinem daga baya ta bayyana cewa ta san wanda ke ba da kudaden aikin: "Idan da zan iya zabi da zan sake yin hakan."
A shekarar 1962, ta sami "aiki mai muhimmanci" na farko a fannin jarida daga editan mujallar Esquire, Clay Felker. Labarinta game da hana haihuwa, The Moral Disarmament of Betty Coed, ya yi cikakken bayani kan yadda ake tilasta mata zabi tsakanin aiki da iyali. A shekara mai zuwa, Steinem ta shiga boye a matsayin Playboy Bunny na kwanaki 11 don rubuta labarinta mai suna mai bangarori biyu game da yadda ake mu'amala da samfuran kyau yayin aiki a gidan wasan Playboy na Hugh Hefner. An tilasta mata sanya tufafi masu matsewa da takalma masu dogon sheqe, Steinem ta rasa kilo 10—rabinsu a cikin dare daya—a lokacin aikinta; manajanta ya yi bikin ta hanyar sanya kayanta ya matse ta da inci biyu. Bayan fitowar labarin, ba ta iya samun aiki "domin na zama Bunny—kuma ba a damu da dalili ba."
A shekarar 1968, Felker ya dauke ta aiki a mujallar New York, inda za ta kirkiro kalmar "yancin haihuwa" don wani labari game da "jawabinsu" na zubar da ciki a Greenwich Village. Da ta yi zubar da ciki a Landan tana da shekaru 22, daga baya ta bayyana cewa ta ji "babban canji" yayin zanga-zangar kuma ta ce wannan rana ita ce farkon rayuwarta a matsayin "mace mai fafutuka."
"Ina ganin wanda ya ce: 'Honey, da maza za su iya yin ciki, zubar da ciki zai zama abin ibada' ya yi gaskiya," in ji ta ga Observer a 2011. "Idan na yi magana game da kaina, na san cewa shi ne karo na farko da na dauki alhakin rayuwata. Ba zan bar abubuwa su faru da ni ba. Zan jagoranci rayuwata, don haka na ji dadi."
Ta kuma yaba wa mata bakar fata masu fafutuka ciki har da Florynce Kennedy, Evelyn Cunningham, Shirley Chisholm, da Fannie Lou Hamer don koya mata muhimmancin gwagwarmaya. "Kamar samun iyali ne," in ji ta game da wancan lokacin. "Ko da yake muna da bambance-bambance masu yawa, kuma hakika muna da su, mata suna raba bege da wani hangen nesa na duniya, da kuma wani abin gano karya."
Wannan kuma ya fara aikin Steinem a matsayin 'yar jarida mai tayar da hankali, tana rubuta labaran da ke kalubalantar tsarin da ake da shi. Ciki har da labarai kamar If Men Could Menstruate, wanda ya bayyana a cikin Ms., mujallar da Steinem da Dorothy Pitman Hughes suka kafa a 1971. Fitowar farko ta nuna Wonder Woman a bangon; jarumar ta yi watsi da karfinta don zama tare da masoyinta na namiji, kuma labarin ya yi jayayya cewa DC Comics ya kamata su mayar da karfinta kuma su dawo da jarumar zuwa tushen mata. Steinem ta kuma rubuta labarai kamar What It Would Be Like If Women Win a cikin Time, da After Black Power, Women's Liberation, labarin mujallar New York na 1969 wanda zai tabbatar da ita a matsayin shugabar mata.
Steinem tana tsoron yin jawabi da rikici, amma tana da wayo a kafafen yada labarai. Ta yi amfani da dandalin da ta samu a matsayin mace fara, mai ilimi don yin magana ga wadanda galibi ake watsi da su—Bakar fata, tsiraru, da ma'aikata. Ta yi jayayya a 1971 cewa jima'i da launin fata koyaushe suna da alaka, "domin suna da sauki, kuma bambance-bambancen da ake gani sune hanyoyin farko na tsara mutane zuwa manyan da kananan kungiyoyi da kuma zuwa arha ma'aikata wanda wannan tsarin ya dogara da su." A 2017, ta ce: "Ba ya ba ni mamaki cewa mafi munin matakan hana zubar da ciki suna zuwa daga Alabama da sauran jihohin kudu domin wariyar launin fata da jima'i koyaushe suna hade. Ba za ka iya ci gaba da wariyar launin fata ba tare da sarrafa mata da haihuwa ba."
Steinem kuma ta kasance mutum mai raba kan'uwa. Wasu mata masu fafutuka sun ji cewa matsayinta na shugabar jama'a a yunkurin an zabe ta ne ta hanyar kafafen yada labarai, ba ta cancanta ba, domin tana matashiya, fara, kuma kyakkyawa. A littafinta na 2015 My Life on the Road, ta rubuta cewa "ra'ayin cewa duk abin da na cimma ya shafi kamanni ne zai kasance zargi na son zuciya da cutarwa har zuwa tsufana."
Tsawon shekaru, ta fuskanci suka mai karfi game da wani labarin ra'ayi na 1998 a cikin New York Times inda ta goyi bayan Shugaba Bill Clinton a cikin zarge-zargen cin zarafin jima'i. Ta rubuta, "Ba shi da laifi a kan cin zarafin jima'i," sai dai "wani babban kuskure, wauta, da rashin kulawa ga mai goyon baya a lokacin mawuyacin hali a rayuwarta." A 2017, ta ce: "Dole mu yi imani da mata. Ba zan rubuta wannan abu ba yanzu domin akwai yuwuwar an san game da sauran mata yanzu." An kuma dauke ta a matsayin mai adawa da hakkin transgender saboda wani labarin da ta rubuta a 1977, matsayin da ta fayyace a 2013: "Na yi imani cewa mutanen transgender, ciki har da wadanda suka canza jinsi, suna rayuwa ne na gaskiya, masu inganci. Ya kamata a yi murna da wadancan rayuwar, ba a tambaya ba."
A 1986, an gano Steinem tana da ciwon nono, kuma a 1994 da ciwon trigeminal neuralgia na kullum. Bayan shekaru na watsi da aure, ta auri mai fafutukar muhalli David Bale a 2000, kuma ta kasance kusa da dan uwanta na uba, dan wasan kwaikwayo Christian Bale, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a 2003.
Da ta goyi bayan yakin neman zaben Hillary Clinton, Steinem ta kasance babbar mai sukar Donald Trump. Ta jagoranci kuma ta yi magana a zanga-zangar Mata a Washington, wani babban zanga-zangar da aka gudanar washegarin rantsar da Trump a Janairu 2017. "Iyakar labari mai dadi na Trump shi ne cewa tada hankalin gwagwarmaya ba irin abin da na taba gani a rayuwata ba ne," in ji ta ga Guardian a waccan shekarar. "Sau dubu fiye da yakin Vietnam, da muhimmancin da yake da shi—ko fiye da duk wani abu da na taba gani."
A 2011, ta gaya wa Observer: "Ina fatan in rayu har 100. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a yi."
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Ga jerin tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da rasuwar Gloria Steinem da aka rubuta cikin yanayi na dabi'a tare da amsoshi masu haske da takaice
Tambayoyi na Gaba daya
1 Shin gaskiya ne cewa Gloria Steinem ta rasu
E gaskiya ne Gloria Steinem ta rasu cikin kwanciyar hankali tana da shekaru 92 Mutuwarta ta kawo karshen wani zamani na yunkurin mata
2 Wanene Gloria Steinem
Gloria Steinem 'yar Amurka ce mai fafutukar mata, 'yar jarida, kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa da siyasa Ta zama fuskar yunkurin 'yantar da mata a karshen shekarun 1960 da 1970 tana yaki da neman daidaito a wurin aiki, hakkin haihuwa, da kuma kawo karshen wariyar jinsi
3 Menene ta fi shahara da shi
Ta fi shahara da kafa mujallar Ms a 1972 wadda ta kawo batutuwan mata a cikin al'umma Ta kuma kasance mai magana mai karfi kuma marubuciya wadda ta taimaka wajen shirya zanga-zangar Mata don Daidaito a 1970 kuma ta kafa kungiyar National Women's Political Caucus
4 Shin 'yar fafutuka ce kawai ko kuma 'yar jarida ce
Ta kasance duka biyun Kafin ta zama 'yar fafutuka ta cikakken lokaci, ta kasance 'yar jarida mai nasara Rahoton nata na boye game da yanayin aiki a Playboy Club a 1963 ya kasance wani muhimmin aikin jarida na bincike wanda ya taimaka fara aikinta
Tambayoyi Game da Gadonta da Tasirinsa
5 Menene babbar gudunmawarta ga yunkurin mata
Babbar gudunmawarta ita ce iyawarta na isar da ra'ayoyin mata masu sarkakiya ga masu sauraro da yawa Ta sa mata su fahimci kuma su kusanci yunkurin mata Ta kuma taimaka wajen cike gibin tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na yunkurin, tana mai da hankali kan hadin kai da gina kawance
6 Shin ta mai da hankali kan hakkin mata kawai ne
A'a ta fahimci cewa duk nau'ikan zalunci suna da alaka Ta kasance mai fafutuka mai karfi ga hakkin jama'a, hakkin LGBTQ, da adalcin tattalin arziki Ta shahara da cewa An daure mu ba a jera mu ba ma'ana cewa yin yaki don hakkin wata kungiya yana taimakon duk kungiyoyi
7 Me yasa ta kasance wani lokaci mutum mai jayayya
A farkon aikinta, wasu masu suka sun yi watsi da ita saboda kamanninta Daga baya wasu mata matasa masu fafutuka sun soki ta saboda mai da hankali sosai kan abubuwan da mata farare masu matsakaicin ra'ayi suka fuskanta Duk da haka ta ci gaba da yarda da wadannan suka kuma ta yi aiki don sa yunkurin ya zama mai hada kai tsawon lokaci
8 Menene gadonta na dindindin ga tsararraki masu zuwa
Gadonta shine tsarin da ya rage
