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An estimated 1.3 million Sudanese refugees are living in Cairo. Most fled from neighboring Sudan after the civil war broke out in April 2023. Instead of finding the safety and security they hoped for, they say life in the Egyptian capital has become a nightmare.
"The situation here is so hopeless that I'm now getting ready to try crossing to Europe again. I haven't told my mother yet because I don't know if she could handle losing another child," says Nadir*, 26. Like other Sudanese people interviewed for this story, he prefers not to use his real name.
The war has killed at least 150,000 people and forced about 4.5 million to flee Sudan to Chad, South Sudan, Libya, and Egypt. The World Health Organization has called it the world's worst humanitarian disaster.
Once in Egypt, Sudanese war refugees have faced racism and what the UN describes as an "intensifying campaign of arbitrary arrests and human rights violations." There has been a surge in deportations of Sudanese nationals since late 2025. The UN says these deportations reportedly happened without checks to see if individuals were at risk of torture or harm.
"Here in Egypt, you're trapped like a criminal. There's so little hope for the future that you start to lose yourself," says Nadir, pointing to his swollen hand as he tries to open and close it repeatedly. "I had to defend myself after being attacked on the street because of my skin color."
This growing hostility is pushing more Sudanese refugees to consider leaving Egypt. Some hope to return to Sudan, but more often they try to cross the Mediterranean to reach Europe.
Nadir says he already made one dangerous attempt to reach Italy by boat through Libya. He says he was convinced to go with his closest friend and 20 others, but the group was kidnapped by smugglers in Libya. They were held captive for seven months before being released and making their way back to Egypt. Nadir says his friend did not survive.
In Egypt, Sudanese refugees risk being detained if they can't show a residence permit when arrested. This can happen even if they just left it at home while stepping out briefly to buy water, says Omar*, 25, who has had friends disappear without contact.
"Two weeks ago, I was warned about a big police checkpoint nearby. I've been trying to reach a close friend for days, but I haven't heard from him since," he says.
Finding affordable housing in Cairo is also a struggle for many Sudanese, who are often seen as having money from abroad. Yassin*, 23, who has cared for his three younger sisters since their father died earlier this year, says it doesn't make sense that Sudanese war refugees, who have often lost almost everything, are still treated by some landlords as nothing more than walking wallets.
"The money we get to support ourselves is almost all spent on rent," he says.
These conditions force many Sudanese refugees into informal jobs. "Washing dishes, cleaning, working in a carpet shop—I've done all these jobs over the past few years," says Ya.View image in fullscreen
Yassin: 'We want to help the Egyptian economy, but... we're stuck in limbo'
However, without legal status in Egypt, they are vulnerable to exploitation. Some employers reportedly pay below the minimum wage. Yassin says the owner of a carpet shop employed eight Sudanese workers and threatened to report one of them to the authorities after he tried to quit.
"We would like to contribute to the Egyptian economy, but as long as we don't have legal status, our lives are so restricted that we're left in limbo," says Yassin. He says that if it weren't for his responsibility to care for his three young sisters, he might also try to cross to Europe.
"For now, staying indoors and avoiding all risks seems like the best option," he says.
View image in fullscreen
The dusty streets of Faisal in Cairo
* Names have been changed
**Ofte stilte spørsmål**
Her er en liste over vanlige spørsmål om sudanske krigsflyktninger som forlater Egypt til Europa, skrevet i en naturlig samtaleform med klare og direkte svar.
**Spørsmål på nybegynnernivå**
1. Hvorfor forlater sudanske flyktninger Egypt for å dra til Europa?
Mange drar fordi de står overfor tre store problemer i Egypt: ekstrem fattigdom og mangel på jobber, økende rasisme og diskriminering, og en reell frykt for tvungne forsvinninger eller vilkårlig fengsling.
2. Hva slags rasisme opplever de?
Flyktninger rapporterer om verbale overgrep, at de nektes bolig eller jobber på grunn av nasjonaliteten sin, og noen ganger fysiske angrep. Det er en økende følelse av at de ikke er velkomne, noe som gjør livet svært vanskelig.
3. Hva betyr tvungen forsvinning i denne sammenhengen?
Det betyr at folk blir tatt av myndigheter eller væpnede grupper, og familiene deres vet ikke hvor de er. De blir ofte holdt uten siktelse eller rettssak. Denne frykten er en stor grunn til at folk føler seg utrygge.
4. Er det lett for sudanske flyktninger å få visum til Europa?
Nei, det er veldig vanskelig. De fleste har ikke gyldige pass eller penger til lovlige visum. I stedet stoler de ofte på farlige smuglerruter over Middelhavet.
5. Hvorfor blir de bare ikke værende i Egypt?
For mange er Egypt ikke lenger et trygt eller levedyktig alternativ. De kan ikke finne arbeid for å forsørge familiene sine, de møter daglig diskriminering, og de lever i konstant frykt for å bli arrestert eller forsvinne.
**Spørsmål på mellomnivå**
6. Hvordan påvirker situasjonen i Sudan beslutningen om å forlate Egypt?
Krigen i Sudan er grunnårsaken. Folk flyktet fra krigen til Egypt, men nå er forholdene i Egypt så dårlige at de føler de må ta en ny farlig reise for å finne ekte trygghet og en fremtid i Europa.
7. Hva er de største farene ved reisen fra Egypt til Europa?
Reisen er ekstremt risikabel. Flyktninger reiser ofte gjennom Libya, som er svært farlig, og prøver deretter å krysse Middelhavet i overfylte, sjøudyktige båter. Mange drukner, blir kidnappet for løsepenger eller dør av dehydrering.
8. Hvordan behandler den egyptiske regjeringen sudanske flyktninger?
Offisielt er Egypt et vertsland, men mange flyktninger sier at regjeringen har blitt mer fiendtlig. Det er rapporter om polititrakassering, strenge oppholdskrav og mangel på beskyttelse mot diskriminering. De tvungne forsvinningene blir tillagt både statlige og ikke-statlige aktører.
