An fara aikin da karfe 9 na safe agogon Moscow amma an gudanar da shi a duk yankuna 11 na Rasha. Kusan a lokaci guda, jami’an Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya (FSB) sun kai hari gidaje da wuraren aiki na masu fafutukar kare hakkin ‘yan asalin kasar 17. Jami’an sun gudanar da bincike, sun dauki kwamfutoci da wayoyin hannu, kuma sun kama tare da yi wa masu fafutuka tambayoyi game da shigarsu cikin tarurrukan kasa da kasa. An saki yawancinsu, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun bar kasar tun daga lokacin. Wasu har yanzu suna zaune a Rasha amma ba sa yin magana a fili.
Bayan watanni shida, wani mai fafutuka ya rage a gidan yari. Daria Egereva, daya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar kare hakkin ‘yan asalin Rasha, ana zarginta da kasancewa memba a kungiyar ‘yan ta’adda. Ba a kafa ranar shari’a ba. Magoya bayanta sun ce tuhumar da ake mata ta karya ce kuma an yi niyya ne don ta yi magana a fili.
Egereva ba ta kasance mai fafutuka ta talakawa ba. Ita ‘yar asalin Selkup ce daga yammacin Siberiya kuma ana ganin ta a matsayin “tauraro mai haske” na yunkurin kare hakkin ‘yan asalin Rasha. A matsayinta na memba a Hukumar Kula da ‘Yan Asalin Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana da matsayi na kasa da kasa. ‘Yan makonni kafin kama ta, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a COP30 a Brazil a matsayin shugabar kungiyar ‘Yan Asalin Kasa kan Sauyin Yanayi.
Daure ta ya jawo hankali ga gwagwarmayar ‘yan asalin Rasha, wadanda ke fuskantar barazana daga mulkin kama-karya, hako albarkatun kasa, da sauyin yanayi.
“Suna ganin munanan sakamakon sauyin yanayi,” in ji Alicia Moncada, darektan shawarwari na duniya a Cultural Survival, kungiyar da ke yakin neman hakkin ‘yan asalin kasar. “Suna kan gaba a gaba – shi ya sa shawarwarin [Egereva] ke da muhimmanci.”
Arewacin polar yana yin zafi fiye da kowane wuri a duniya. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, yanayin zafi a yankunan Arctic ya tashi sau uku zuwa hudu fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Al’ummomin da ke zaune a kan kankara mai daskarewa suna kallon duniyarsu tana rugujewa a kusa da su.
“Tsofaffi suna cewa yanayi ya daina amincewa da mu,” in ji wani shugaban ‘yan asalin da aka kora, wanda ya nemi a sakaya sunansa. “Hanyoyin gargajiya na hasashen yanayi ba su aiki kuma.”
Yawancin matsugunan suna kan bakin kogi da tafkuna. Yayin da kankarar ke narkewa, wadannan bankunan sun fara rugujewa. “Akwai barazanar cewa da yawa daga cikin wadannan kauyuka za su lalace,” in ji shugaban, wanda ya yi magana ta hanyar mai fassara. Kuma narkewar kankara ta haifar da sabon tushen tashin hankali: sabbin albarkatun ma’adinai masu muhimmanci da ake iya samu.
“Yawancin albarkatun Tarayyar Rasha – zinariya, lu’u-lu’u, mai, iskar gas, gawayi – suna karkashin filayen ‘yan asalin,” in ji shugaban. “Ga wasu mutane, taska ce, amma a gare mu, la’ana ce.”
“Domin kamfanoni suna zuwa kasarmu don wadannan albarkatun kuma suna fitar da mu. Ko da ba su fitar da mu ba, muhallin wadannan wuraren ya zama mara kyau har ba za mu iya farauta ko kamun kifi ba.”
“Daya daga cikin tsofaffi ya ce za mu iya daidaita da komai, amma ba za mu tsira ba tare da kasarmu ba.”
Wani mutum Nenets yana hawan sledge a arewacin Arctic Rasha. Hoton: Imago/Alamy
Ko da yake kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin sun kiyaye asalinsu, a karshen zamanin Soviet sun rasa tsarin shirya kansu kuma sun dogara ga gwamnati. Egereva ta kasance wani bangare na sabon tsarar shugabanni wadanda suka karfafa al’ummomi su karfafa kansu.
Amma wannan jajircewa ya kawo su cikin rikici da hukumomi. Tun kafin yakin Ukraine, gwamnatin Rasha ta yi ikirarin cewa makiyanta suna amfani da al’amuran muhalli da ‘yan asalin kasar a kanta. Yanzu, tare da yakin da ya zama dalilin murkushe jama’ar farar hula, ‘yan asalin kasar na cikin wadanda suka fi shan wahala.
Ya zuwa yanzu, kungiyoyi 830 da mutane 20,813 an sanya su cikin “jerin ‘yan ta’adda da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi,” a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Daga cikinsu akwai Aborigen Forum, wata kungiyar masu kare ‘yan asalin kasar da aka lakafta a matsayin “kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra’ayi” a watan Yuli 2024.
Hukumomin Rasha sun gurfanar da Egereva da abokin shari’arta, Natalia Leon, bisa wannan lakabi. Gardt, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama’a, ya yi magana game da shigarsu da Aborigen. Hukumomi sun yi ikirarin cewa wani bangare ne na kungiyar adawa da gwamnati da ake kira “taron kasashe masu ‘yanci na bayan Rasha.”
A yayin sauraron karar beli a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, Egereva da Leongardt sun musanta kasancewarsu cikin wata makarkashiyar adawa da gwamnati. “Ban san wannan kungiyar ba kuma ban saba da ita ba,” in ji Egereva a gaban kotu. “Abin da ake zargin mu da shi gaba daya karya ne... Ina rokon a bar ni in koma gida in rungumi ‘ya’yana.”
Kotun ta ki amincewa da belinsu kuma ta umarce su da su ci gaba da kasancewa a gidan yari har zuwa akalla tsakiyar watan Yuni. Washegari, Rasha ta yi bikin sabon hutun tarayya: “Ranar ‘Yan Asalin Kasa Masu Karamin Yawa.”
Ofishin jakadancin Rasha ya shaida wa Guardian: “Binciken da ake yi wa Daria Egereva lamari ne na shari’a na cikin gida na Rasha, wanda aka gudanar da shi bisa cikakken bin dokokin Rasha. Tunda shari’ar tana ci gaba, ba za mu iya yin tsokaci kan takamaiman lamarin ba.
“Rasha ta musanta duk wani ikirari na keta hakkin ‘yan asalin kasar. Ba kamar wasu kasashen Yamma ba – ciki har da Birtaniya a tsoffin yankunanta na mulkin mallaka – Rasha ba ta da tarihin tilasta wa al’ummomin ‘yan asalin su hade. Dokar Rasha tana ba wa ‘yan asalin kasar kariya ta musamman ta doka, tare da tabbatar da hakkinsu na gama kai da na mutum, asalin al’adunsu, da gadon harshensu a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki kuma daidai da ka’idojin kasa da kasa.
“Rasha tana da hannu sosai a cikin ajandar yanayi ta kasa da kasa, tare da la’akari da kalubale da damar tattalin arziki a yankunanta na arewa – ciki har da samun damar hanya mafi kyau zuwa hanyar teku ta arewa da albarkatun ma’adinai a yankunan kankara mai daskarewa. Duk wadannan ayyuka suna nufin tallafawa ci gaban yanki, samar da ayyukan yi, da jawo hankalin masu zuba jari, ciki har da don amfanin al’ummomin ‘yan asalin wadannan yankuna.”
**Tambayoyin da Aka Yi Yawa**
Ga jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da daurin Daria Egereva da alakar sa da gwagwarmayar ‘yan asalin Rasha
**Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko**
1. **Wace ce Daria Egereva?**
Daria Egereva mai fafutukar kare hakkin ‘yan asalin Rasha ce kuma lauya. Ita ‘yar asalin Nenets ce, wata kungiyar ‘yan asalin Arctic.
2. **Me yasa aka daure ta?**
An yanke mata hukuncin dauri bisa zargin tada fitina da shiga kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra’ayi. Magoya bayanta sun ce wadannan tuhume-tuhumen karya ne kuma sun samo asali ne daga aikinta na kare hakkin filayen al’ummomin ‘yan asalin.
3. **Menene ma’anar “Ba za mu tsira ba” a cikin wannan mahallin?**
Wani jimla ce da ke takaita imanin da yawa daga cikin masu fafutukar ‘yan asalin: idan sun rasa filayensu ko kuma aka rufe musu baki, al’adunsu da hanyoyin rayuwarsu ba za su tsira ba. Daria Egereva ta yi amfani da irin wannan harshe don bayyana barazanar da ke fuskantar mutanenta.
4. **Menene manyan gwagwarmayar ‘yan asalin Rasha?**
Manyan gwagwarmayar sun hada da rasa filayen gargajiya ga kamfanonin hako ma’adinai da mai, lalacewar muhalli daga ayyukan masana’antu, tilasta hadewa cikin al’adun Rasha, da karancin ikon siyasa don kare hakkinsu.
5. **Wannan matsala ce kawai a yanki daya?**
A’a. Ko da yake mutanen Nenets suna cikin Arctic, irin wannan gwagwarmaya ta shafi kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin sama da 40 da aka amince da su a duk fadin Rasha, daga Siberiya zuwa Gabas Mai Nisa.
**Tambayoyi na Matakin Ci Gaba**
6. **Wace takamaiman doka aka tuhumi Daria Egereva da ita?**
An tuhume ta ne a karkashin dokokin tsattsauran ra’ayi na Rasha, wadanda galibi ake amfani da su don gurfanar da masu fafutuka, ‘yan jarida, da ‘yan adawar siyasa. Tuhumar ta danganta ne da rubuce-rubucenta na kafofin sada zumunta game da hakkin ‘yan asalin.
7. **Ta yaya shari’arta ke da alaka da ayyukan masana’antu kamar hako mai?**
Ayyukanta na fafutuka sun mayar da hankali kan dakatarwa ko daidaita ayyukan hako mai da iskar gas a filayen kakannin Nenets. Masu suka sun yi ikirarin cewa daure ta hanya ce ta rufe bakin adawa ga manyan kamfanonin hako albarkatun kasa.
8. **Shin an amince da ‘yan asalin Rasha bisa doka?**
E. Rasha tana da wani nau’i na doka na musamman da ake kira “’yan asalin kasa masu karamin yawa na Arewa, Siberiya, da Gabas Mai Nisa.” A ka’ida, wannan yana ba su wasu hakkin filaye da albarkatu, amma a aikace, ana yin watsi da wadannan hakkoki ko kuma a soke su ta hanyar bukatun tattalin arziki.
9. **Menene mutane a wajen Rasha za su iya yi don taimakawa?**
Ayyuka na yau da kullun sun hada da wayar da kan jama’a.
