Michael Wooldridge yana kama da malamin da kake fatan ka samu: mai sauƙin magana, ƙwararre wajen fassara mawuyacin ra'ayoyi cikin sauƙi, ba mai zurfin tunani ba ko ƙoƙarin zama mai kyau, kuma yana da sha'awar aikinsa. "Ina son lokacin da na ga haske ya kunna a cikin wani, lokacin da suka fahimci abin da ba su fahimta a da," in ji shi. "Ina ganin hakan yana da lada sosai."
Yana bayyana a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun, wanda, a matsayinsa na farfesa a Oxford tare da takardun kimiyya sama da 500 da littattafai 10 a sunansa, ba haka yake ba. Yawanci, aikinsa da ya fi so shi ne gudummawar da ya bayar ga Littattafan Ƙwararru na Ladybird—sabunta jerin littattafan yara na gargajiya—akan hankali na wucin gadi. "Ina alfahari da wannan," in ji shi, yana ba ni kwafi daga rumbun littattafansa. Muna cikin ɗakin karatunsa a sashen kwamfuta na Jami'ar Oxford wanda ba shi da kyau sosai a rana mai rana. Wataƙila yanayin harabar ne, amma tattaunawarmu tana kusan kamar taron karatu.
Wooldridge ƙwararren mai magana ne, musamman akan hankali na wucin gadi—fannin da ya yi aiki a kai sama da shekaru 30, amma har yanzu yana kusantar shi da shakku mai kyau. A cikin laccocin Kirsimeti na 2023 na Royal Institution, mai taken Gaskiya Game da AI, ya kawo kare mai motsi kuma ya tambayi masu sauraron sa na makaranta su kada kuri'a kan ko za su buge shi da sandar wasan ƙwallon baseball. Kuma don bayyana koyon ƙarfafawa, ya sake yin fim ɗin 80s na gargajiya WarGames, inda matashi Matthew Broderick ya hana bala'in nukiliya ta hanyar sa kwamfutar sojan Amurka ta yi wasan tic-tac-toe da kanta (har sai ta gane cewa babu wata hanya ta gaske don cin nasara). "Matthew Broderick yana Landan a lokacin. Mun yi ƙoƙari mu sa shi ya zo laccar Kirsimeti, amma bai iya ba," in ji Wooldridge. "Don haka muka sanya wa kwamfutarmu suna BrodeRick don girmama shi."
WarGames a zahiri yana kusa da batun sabon littafin Wooldridge, Darussan Rayuwa daga Ka'idar Wasanni: Fasahar Tunani da Dabaru a cikin Duniya Mai Ruwa. Ya koyar da wannan darasi ga ɗalibansa sama da shekaru 15, in ji shi. Yanzu lokacin mu ne. Babu lissafi a littafin Wooldridge; a maimakon haka, ya mayar da ka'idar wasanni zuwa yanayi 21 masu sauƙin fahimta, wanda ya shafi komai daga kamun kifi na Atlantic cod zuwa Pepsi vs. Coca-Cola zuwa wanzuwar Allah.
"Yana da ban mamaki yadda yawancin abubuwan duniya za a iya bayyana su ta hanyar ƙananan ƙididdiga na samfuran ka'idar wasanni," in ji Wooldridge. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi shine wasan "kaza," wanda ya kwatanta a littafinsa ta amfani da wani yanayi daga fim ɗin James Dean Rebel Without a Cause (babu ɗayan ɗalibansa da ya taɓa jin labarinsa, in ji shi). Matasa biyu suna tuƙi motocinsu zuwa ga wani dutse; na farko da ya yi tsalle shine "kaza" kuma ya yi rashin nasara. Idan duka biyu suka yi tsalle a lokaci guda, ya zama kunnen doki; idan ba kowa ya yi tsalle ba, za ka yi rashin nasara sosai (gargadi: haka abin ya faru a fim ɗin).
Darasin ka'idar a nan shi ne game da daidaiton Nash (ba za mu shiga cikin bayanai ba)—amma a aikace, muna ganin wannan wasan yana faruwa a rayuwa ta gaske koyaushe. Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuba ya kasance misalin da ake amfani da shi, amma wani yana faruwa a yanzu: rikicin Amurka da Iran. "Kuna da bangarori biyu suna yin barazanar da ke ƙara tsananta wa juna; dole ne wani ya ja baya a wani lokaci," in ji Wooldridge. "Haɗarin shine, idan ba kowa ya ja baya ba, za ku wuce wani matsayi na rashin dawowa kuma ku sami mafi munin yanayi ga kowa."
Shin akwai wata hanya ta fita daga wannan? "To, wata hanya da wasan zai iya canzawa ita ce idan wani ɓangare na uku ya shiga ya ba da wani abin ƙarfafawa ga ɗayan ɓangaren don yin wani abu daban." Wani zaɓi shine a ƙetare wasan ta hanyar sadarwa da abokin hamayyarka. Haka abin ya faru a lokacin Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuba, amma yana da wuya a nan. "Ko da yake, dole in ce, Iran tana wasa da shi da wayo sosai, a ma'anar cewa ɓangaren Amurka ba shi da tabbas sosai. Yanzu, rashin tabbas kuma dabara ce ta ka'idar wasanni, amma yana sa ɗayan ɓangaren ya yi wuya ya san yadda zai amsa. Idan da gaske kuna fuskantar ɗan wasa mara hankali, abu ɗaya da ka'idar wasanni ta ce shine kawai ku yi hasashen ku a kan mafi munin yanayi."
Wannan ba kawai game da yaƙi ko wasanni ba ne, Wooldridge ya jaddada. A littafinsa, ya ayyana ka'idar wasanni a matsayin "ka'idar lissafi da ke nufin fahimtar yanayi inda bangarori masu son kai ke hulɗa da juna." Yana jayayya cewa wannan na iya amfani da kowane irin yanayi: na zamantakewa, na siyasa, da na falsafa.
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
Mai sha'awa da gaske … Wooldridge a 2023. Hoton: Paul Wilkinson
Tunanin "wasan sifili," alal misali, ya zama kalma gama gari (wani ɓangare godiya ga WarGames), ko da yake an fahimta ba daidai ba. Wasan sifili ba wai kawai shine inda ɗayan ɓangaren ya sami abin da ɗayan ya rasa ba; shine inda manufar ita ce a sa abokin hamayyarka ya yi rashin nasara sosai, Wooldridge ya bayyana. Don haka, a zahiri, dara ba wasan sifili ba ne saboda kawai kuna ƙoƙarin cin nasara, ba don halaka ko wulakanta abokin hamayyarku ba. Akwai ɓangaren zamantakewa da siyasa ga wannan. "Wannan tunanin sifili yana da illa sosai. Halin namiji ne sosai," in ji shi. "Kuma shaidun sun nuna cewa ba kawai ba lallai ne ku yi kyau a rayuwa kamar yadda za ku iya ba, amma a zahiri kuna ƙarewa da baƙin ciki. Kuna jin cewa kuna da ƙarancin iko akan al'amuranku. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman darussa daga ka'idar wasanni shine cewa, a gaskiya, yawancin hulɗar da muke yi ba sifili ba ne."
Wannan ra'ayi na adawa yana motsa siyasar jama'a – a ma'anar "masu hijira suna zuwa su karɓi ayyukanku." Kuna rasa saboda wasu suna cin nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin wasannin da Wooldridge ya fi so yana ƙarfafa mu mu yi tunanin akasin haka: Mayafin Jahilci, wanda masanin falsafa John Rawls ya ƙirƙira a 1971. Tunanin shine za ku iya tsara al'umma yadda kuke so, amma bayan haka, za a sanya ku a cikinta ba da gangan ba. Wooldridge ya kira shi "kyakkyawan gwajin tunani … Yana ƙarfafa sakamako mai kyau na zamantakewa, amma mutane har yanzu suna bin son kansu." Ya ƙara da cewa Bill Clinton da Barack Obama duka magoya baya ne.
Ba a bayyana nan da nan yadda ka'idar wasanni ta dace da AI ba, amma a kwanakin nan, babban ɓangare ne na shi, Wooldridge ya bayyana, musamman a yankin da yake sha'awar: tsarin wakilai da yawa – shirye-shiryen da ke hulɗa da juna kuma suna aiki a madadinku. "Don haka idan ina so in shirya taro da kai, me yasa zan kira ka? Me yasa Siri na ba zai yi magana kai tsaye da Siri naka ba?" Irin waɗannan hulɗar an gina su a cikin rayuwarmu ta kan layi. Misali, tallace-tallace na kan layi kamar na eBay, inda kuke ƙoƙarin shiga da cin nasara a tayin a lokacin ƙarshe. "Idan wakili na zai yi hulɗa da wakili naka, kuma abubuwan da nake so ba lallai su dace da naka ba, to ka'idar da ke bayyana yadda ya kamata ku yi tunani game da waɗannan hulɗar ita ce ka'idar wasanni."
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
Tandy TRS-80 PC, na'urar farko ta Wooldridge. Hoton: Photology1971/Alamy
Lokacin da Wooldridge ya fara, AI kusan ra'ayi ne na zahiri. Ya shiga kwamfuta ta hanyar sha'awar mai son. Yana girma a karkarar Herefordshire, a matsayin ɗan manajan tsakiya a kamfanin cider na gida, abu ne mai girma lokacin da shagon lantarki na gida ya sami kwamfutar gida don siyarwa, kusan 1980. "Wannan ya yi kama da ban dariya saboda ina tsammanin kwamfutoci abubuwa ne na miliyoyin fam." Masu shagon sun kyale shi ya gwada shi (Tandy TRS-80 ne). "Na koma mako bayan mako na koya wa kaina shirye-shirye. A zahiri ina zaune a tagar shagon a kan kwamfutar." Ya ci gaba da karatu...Bayan karatun digiri na farko a kwamfuta, na fara PhD a AI a 1989, sannan na yi horo tare da Janet (Cibiyar Sadarwar Ilimi ta Haɗin gwiwa), wacce ita ce ɓangaren Burtaniya na farkon intanet. Fasaha ta ci gaba sosai tun daga lokacin, amma kamar yadda Wooldridge ya ce, "manyan dabarun da suka haifar da juyin juya halin AI na yanzu an ƙirƙira su ne a tsakiyar 80s." Ya ambaci Geoffrey Hinton, majagaba na hanyoyin sadarwa na wucin gadi – hanyar da ke ba da ƙarfin koyon inji a yanzu. "Iyakar abin da ke hana juyin juya halin AI a 1980s, da gaske, shine kwamfutoci ba su da ƙarfi sosai kuma ba mu da isasshen bayanai."
Ƙarni na gaba na masu tasiri za su yarda da duk abin da suke faɗa, yi, da gani da za a yi amfani da shi don AI.
Lokacin da aka zo ga gaskiya, Wooldridge ya ce, nasarar da GPT-3 ta samu a 2020 ta kasance "dogara ne akan fare da OpenAI ta yi cewa idan suka yi abu ɗaya, kawai sau 10 girma, hakan zai kawo sakamako. Mutane da yawa a lokacin, ciki har da ni, sun yi shakka sosai game da shi. Ni masanin kimiyya ne; Ina son ganin ci gaba ta hanyar ci gaban kimiyya, ba kawai ta hanyar jefa ƙarin ƙarfin kwamfuta a kai ba. Amma ya zama cewa, a zahiri, wannan fare ne mai nasara sosai." Shin hakan yana nuna cewa shugaban OpenAI Sam Altman da takwarorinsa ba ƙwararrun fasaha ba ne kamar yadda mutane ke tunani? "Ban taɓa saduwa da Sam Altman ba; ban sani ba," in ji shi cikin diflomasiyya. "A bayyane ya kawo wani abu mai ban mamaki."
Ƙwararru ko a'a, waɗannan majagaba na AI na iya kaiwa iyakarsu. 'Yan shekaru da suka wuce, mutane kamar Altman da Demis Hassabis na Google DeepMind suna tsammanin samun AGI – hankali na gaba ɗaya na mutum – a cikin 'yan shekaru. "Ni da kaina ina ganin sun yi kyakkyawan fata," in ji Wooldridge. Kuna iya magana da ChatGPT game da kimiyyar lissafi a cikin Latin, in ji shi, "amma a lokaci guda, ba mu da AI da zai iya shiga gidanku, wanda bai taɓa gani ba, ya gano kicin kuma ya share teburin cin abinci" – wani abu da ma'aikacin ɗan adam mai ƙarancin albashi zai iya yi.
"Iyakokin sune ƙarfin kwamfuta da bayanan da kuke iya jefa a kai. Kuma bayanai yanzu sun zama ƙuntatawa na gaske." Dukan Wikipedia ya ƙunshi kawai 3% na bayanan horarwa na GPT-3, in ji shi. "A ina za ku sami bayanai sau 10 mafi yawa a lokaci na gaba?" Bayanai suna zama albarkatu mai daraja saboda wannan dalili, kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi suna da tarin abubuwa masu daraja. "NHS tana zaune a kan tarin bayanai game da mutane. Wannan shine mafi daraja irin bayanan da ake iya tunanin." Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu za su biya kuɗi da yawa don hakan, in ji shi, "amma ina tsammanin duk wanda ya sanya hannu kan irin wannan yarjejeniya zai rayu ya yi nadama." Yana tunanin wani yanayi na gaba mai ban tsoro inda "za ku iya samun damar shiga NHS kawai idan kun yarda a haɗa ku da fasahar sawa da ke kula da ku akai-akai … Ina tsammanin muna tafiya da sauri zuwa duniyar da ƙarni na gaba na masu tasiri a kan layi za su yarda da duk abubuwan rayuwarsu, duk abin da suke faɗa da yi da gani, a girbe su don samar da bayanai don AI."
Daga mahangar ilimi, Wooldridge yana jin haushin yadda Silicon Valley ta mamaye fannin AI, duka a cikin albarkatu ("GPT-3 ya buƙaci kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi na AI kusan 20,000 don horarwa; akwai yiwuwar ɗari biyu a dukan Jami'ar Oxford") da kuma tattaunawar jama'a. "Mun ga labarin an sace shi ta hanyar Silicon Valley, wanda ke tallata wani nau'in AI [mai son riba, mai maye gurbin aiki kuma kusan gaba ɗaya ya mayar da hankali kan manyan samfuran harshe] wanda tabbas ni da yawancin abokan aikina ba mu da sha'awar tallatawa ko ginawa," in ji shi. "Yana da ɗan baƙin ciki, a matsayin wanda ya yi amfani da aikinsa don ƙoƙarin gina AI don kyautata duniya da inganta rayuwar mutane."
Ya ci gaba: "Idan ka kalli babban hoto, AI yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa waɗanda galibi ba a lura da su saboda manyan samfuran harshe sun mamaye duk hankali." Ya ambaci wata ƙungiya a Oxford da ke haɓaka kayan aiki mai ƙarfi na AI wanda zai iya nazarin hoton zuciya daga duban dan tayi mai sauƙi, wanda aka aika zuwa likitan ku ta hanyar wayar hannu. "Wannan shine irin kulawa mai tsada da NHS ke ƙoƙarin samarwa, ba zato ba tsammani yana samuwa a farashi mai rahusa."
A 2025, Wooldridge ya ci lambar yabo ta Royal Society ta Faraday don gwanintarsa na bayyana ra'ayoyin kimiyya ga jama'a. Laccarsa a watan Fabrairu tana da taken Wannan Ba AI ɗin da Aka Yi Mana Alkawari Ba. A kusa da wannan lokacin, ya ba da shawarar cewa AI na iya samun "lokacin Hindenburg" – hatsarin Hindenburg ya lalata masana'antar jirgin sama a dare ɗaya. "Yana yiwuwa gaba ɗaya mu ga irin wannan bala'i mai alaƙa da AI," in ji shi. "Shirye-shiryen kwamfuta suna kasawa ta kowane hali, kuma mun dogara gaba ɗaya ga hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta inda AI ke ƙara shiga." Duk da haka, game da haɗarin wanzuwa, "AI ba shi da girma a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke sa ni farke da dare," in ji shi. "Ban damu da kwace iko da mutum-mutumi ba. Aƙalla, ba ya cikin manyan biyar na." Gaskiyar cewa yana ɗaukar yaƙin nukiliya a matsayin babbar barazana ba ta da tabbaci, ko da yake.
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
Yin la'akari da gaba … Michael Wooldridge. Hoton: Philippa James/The Guardian
Idan zai iya, zai rage ci gaban AI, "kawai don mu sami ƙarin lokaci don fahimtar abin da ke faruwa." Ya nuna cewa wani "matsayin fursuna" ne na gargajiya, wani mahimmin ra'ayi a ka'idar wasanni. A cikin yanayin yau da kullun, fursunoni biyu dole ne su yanke shawara daban-daban ko su furta laifin da suka yi tare ko su yi shiru. Idan ɗaya ya furta kuma ɗayan bai yi ba, kawai mai furta zai sami 'yanci. Idan duka biyu suka furta, kowannensu yana yin ɗan gajeren hukunci. Idan duka biyu suka yi shiru, suna yin ɗan gajeren hukunci. Don haka zai fi kyau idan duka biyu sun yarda su yi shiru, amma ba kowa ya san abin da ɗayan zai yi. Ba zato ba tsammani, ka'idar wasanni ta ce mafi wayo shine a furta.
Ta wannan hanyar, kamfanonin AI suna cikin tseren don samun gaba. Gasar su tana haifar da ƙarin kashe kuɗi, albarkatu, da cibiyoyin bayanai masu ƙarfi, ba tare da wata fa'ida ga ɗan adam ba. Amma ga mu. "Muna da ƙananan kamfanoni masu arziki da ke bin AI, yayin da a lokaci guda suna cewa suna tsoron wani abu zai faru da mugun nufi. Don haka me yasa har yanzu suke binsa? Domin suna tunanin idan suka ja baya, wani zai yi."
Shin Wooldridge da kansa ya taɓa sha'awar Silicon Valley? "Akwai 'yan wurare inda hakan zai iya faruwa, ina tsammani," in ji shi. "Amma ina kaiwa shekara 60 a wannan shekara, kuma wasan matasa ne yanzu." Wasu suna jayayya cewa babu amfanin karatu kuma, tunda an yi hasashen AI zai maye gurbin ayyukan ɗan adam da yawa. Wooldridge bai ga haka ba. "Ban shiga kwamfuta ba saboda ina tsammanin zai ba ni aiki mai kyau. Na shiga ne saboda ina da sha'awar gaske." Ya ce iyaye da yawa suna tambayarsa abin da 'ya'yansu ya kamata su karanta a jami'a, "kuma amsar ita ce: 'Bari su karanta wani abu da suke sha'awar gaske.' Ina ganin wannan shine mafi mahimmanci da nisa."
Darussan Rayuwa daga Ka'idar Wasanni: Fasahar Tunani da Dabaru a cikin Duniya Mai Ruwa na Michael Wooldridge za a buga shi a ranar 21 ga Mayu (Headline, £25). Don tallafawa Guardian, sayi kwafi a guardianbookshop.com. Kuna da ra'ayi kan batutuwan da aka taso a wannan labarin? Idan kuna son ƙaddamar da amsa na kalmomi 300 ta imel don a yi la'akari da bugawa, don Allah ku yi haka. Don buga wasiƙarku a ɓangaren wasiƙunmu, don Allah danna nan.
Tambayoyi da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa dangane da batun da aka rubuta cikin yanayi na halitta tare da amsoshi kai tsaye
Tambayoyin Matakin Farko
1 Jira ba kowa ba ne ya tsorata cewa AI zai mallaki duniya Me yasa wannan ƙwararren bai damu ba
Amsa Farfesa Wooldridge ya ce ra'ayin mutum-mutumi da ke mallakewa ya fi almara na kimiyya fiye da gaskiya Ya yi imanin cewa muna da nisa sosai daga ƙirƙirar na'ura mai nata manufofi ko sani Haɗarin gaske ba tawayen mutum-mutumi ba ne, yadda mutane ke amfani da fasaha ne
2 Idan ba dole ne mu damu da tashin hankalin mutum-mutumi ba, me ya kamata mu damu da shi
Amsa Mafi girman haɗari sun fito ne daga manyan kamfanonin fasaha da ke sarrafa AI Yana damuwa game da asirin sirri, algorithms masu son zuciya da ke yanke shawara marasa adalci, da yada bayanan karya Haɗarin ba AI ɗin kansa ba ne amma ikon da yake ba wa mutanen da ke tafiyar da shi
3 Don haka AI yana da amfani ga wani abu ko duk mara kyau ne
Amsa Ba duka mara kyau ba ne Farfesa Wooldridge ya nuna fa'idodi na gaske AI yana da kyau a takamaiman ayyuka masu maimaitawa kamar gano cututtuka a cikin hotunan likita, inganta zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, da taimakawa binciken kimiyya Makullin shine amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki, ba maye gurbin hukuncin ɗan adam ba
4 Menene babban fasaha yake da shi da wannan Shin AI ba shirin kwamfuta bane kawai
Amsa Babban fasaha ya mallaki ƙarfin kwamfuta mai yawa da kuma tarin bayanai da ake buƙata don horar da AI mafi ƙarfi Sun yanke shawarar yadda ake gina shi da kuma wanda zai iya amfani da shi Haɗarin shine cewa ƴan kamfanoni suna da iko da yawa akan fasahar da ke shafar kowa
Tambayoyin Matakin Ci gaba
5 Labarin ya ambaci fa'idodin lokaci-lokaci Menene takamaiman fa'idar rayuwa ta gaske da Wooldridge ya nuna
Amsa Yana nuna ci gaba a kimiyya da magani Misali AI na iya nazarin miliyoyin tsarin furotin a cikin sa'o'i, aikin da zai ɗauki shekaru ga mutane Wannan ya hanzarta gano magunguna da fahimtar cututtuka sosai
6 Menene matsalar daidaitawa kuma shin Wooldridge yana ganin barazana ce ta gaske
