A cikin wani ƙaramin shagon aiki a Gabashin Midlands na Ingila, injiniyoyi daga kamfanin Skycutter na Burtaniya suna kera jirage marasa matuki don Ukraine. Jerin na'urorin buga 3D suna samar da jikin jiragen masu tsangwama, yayin da sassa kamar injuna da na'urorin kewayawa ake haɗawa da hannu. Ana maimaita wannan tsari sau ɗari da dubunnan sau a kowane wata a masana'antun abokan hulɗa a duk faɗin Ukraine.
Tarin jirage marasa matuki masu arha, masu kisa, kuma galibi masu sarrafa kansu da ake amfani da su a wannan yaƙin sun riga sun canza yaƙi. Sojojin da ke bayan layin gaba dole su ci gaba da motsi don guje wa hare-haren sama, suna tafiya ta cikin ramuka da aka rufe da raga da kuma wuraren da aka ratsa da igiyoyin fiber optic waɗanda ke jagorantar jiragen marasa matuki ta hanyar toshewar rediyo. Ana tsoratar da biranen da makamai masu shiryarwa waɗanda suke da arha don haka ana amfani da su sosai fiye da nau'ikan farko.
Sojojin Turai suna ta gaggawar cim ma, suna shirin kashe biliyoyin daloli kan makamai—tare da ƙarin matsin lamba daga matsayin Donald Trump marar tabbas game da ƙawancen NATO da nacewarsa cewa ƙasashe membobin su ƙara kasafin tsaro.
Haɗin da ba shi da daɗi na Trump da yaƙi a ƙofar Turai ya ƙara tsananta sukar da aka daɗe ana yi cewa nahiyar ta dogara sosai kan masana'antun makamai na Amurka.
EU ta mayar da martani ta hanyar yin alƙawarin kashe Yuro biliyan 800 akan tsaro a cikin shekaru huɗu. Burtaniya kuma ta yi alƙawarin ƙara kashewa, kuma Keir Starmer na iya fuskantar matsin lamba don nuna ci gaba bayan asarar da Labour ta yi a zaɓen ranar Alhamis.
Tare da sabon mayar da hankali kan ikon mallakar tsaro—ikon yin da amfani da makamai ba tare da dogaro ga Amurka marar dogaro ba—yawancin wannan kuɗin yana kwarara zuwa kamfanoni na cikin gida. Guguwar sabbin kamfanoni masu kuɗi na samun ƙarfi kuma suna faɗaɗa samarwa, suna yin manyan alkawura (da yawa har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ba) cewa za su iya zarce masana'antun gargajiya da abokan hamayyar Silicon Valley.
**Mai iya Tsira vs. Mai iya Lalacewa**
Sojoji ba su yarda cewa za su iya yin gaba ɗaya ba tare da mutane—sojojin ƙasa—ko kayan aiki masu nauyi kamar tankuna, manyan bindigogi, da jiragen ruwa ba. Amma babban ɓangare na kashe kuɗin da aka tsara zai tafi kan jirage marasa matuki na nau'o'i daban-daban, ko na sama, ƙasa, teku, ko karkashin ruwa.
Janar Sir Roly Walker, babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Burtaniya, ya ce a bara yana son kayan aikin soja su kasance 20% "masu iya tsira" (saboda suna ɗaukar mutane), 40% "masu iya lalacewa" (ba ka damu sosai ba idan an lalata su), da 40% "masu cinyewa" (amfani guda ɗaya).
Ƙarfin jin daɗi a duk faɗin Turai shine "ya kamata mu iya tsayawa da ƙafafunmu," a cewar wani mutum a wani kamfani mai saurin girma na makamai. "Ikon mallaka game da iko ne. Idan ka sayi abubuwa daga waje, koyaushe kana ba da wani iko."
Wannan kuma ya shafi sassa da kayan aiki. Burtaniya tana tuntuɓar kan nawa samfurin zai fito daga Burtaniya don a ɗauke shi a matsayin mallaka. Masana'antun ba za su iya dogara ga sassa da kayan aiki daga ƙasashen da za su iya zama abokan gaba ba—musamman China.
"Yawancin mafarkin rarraba sarkar samarwa sun ɓace," in ji Kusti Salm, tsohon jami'in tsaro na Estoniya wanda yanzu shine Shugaba na kamfanin makami mai linzami na anti-drone Frankenburg. "Ina ganin abu ne na halitta idan Turai tana son ci gaba da wadata da 'yancinta."
Ricardo Mendes, Shugaba na kamfanin kera jirage marasa matuki Tekever, ya ce haɓakar jirage marasa matuki marasa matuki ya haifar da "sauyi mai zurfi a yadda ake gina fasahar tsaro," tare da kamfanoni suna yin caca akan buƙatar kayan aiki a nan gaba maimakon kulla kwangiloli na dogon lokaci kafin fara samarwa.
Tekever, wanda Mendes ya kafa a Portugal a shekara ta 2001, ya kai darajar biliyan daya "unicorn" a bara kuma yanzu yana da ma'aikata 1,200, gami da sabbin masana'antu a cibiyar jirage marasa matuki ta Burtaniya a Swindon, Wiltshire, da wani a Cahors, kudu maso yammacin Faransa.
Sauran unicorns na fasahar tsaro na Turai sun haɗa da Helsing, wani kamfani na Jamus wanda wanda ya kafa Spotify Daniel Ek ke tallafawa, da kuma kamfanin kera jirage marasa matuki na Jamus Quantu.m Systems da Stark Defence. Stark da Helsing kwanan nan sun ci kwangiloli daga sojojin Jamus don jirage marasa matuki masu kai hari, kuma duka ban da Quantum suna saka hannun jari a masana'antun Burtaniya. Kamfanin kera makamai na Burtaniya Cambridge Aerospace—wanda tsohon sakataren tsaro Grant Shapps ke jagoranta da cece-kuce—ana rahoton yana kusa da shiga ƙungiyar biliyan daya kuma.
Abokan hamayyar unicorns na Amurka sun haɗa da kamfanin kera jirage marasa matuki Shield AI, kamfanin jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kansu Saronic Technologies, da kamfanin makaman anti-drone Epirus. Amma kamfanoni biyu da aka sanya wa suna bayan haruffa daga Lord of the Rings na JRR Tolkien ne ke jagorantar ƙungiyar Amurka: kamfanin software Palantir da kuma kamfanin kera makamai masu sarrafa kansu Anduril. Dukansu suna shiga cikin Turai sosai, musamman Burtaniya, amma faɗaɗa su yana fuskantar bincike yayin da 'yan siyasar Turai ke tunkudewa da masu tallafinsu masu goyon bayan Trump.
Palantir ya sami tallafi daga mai ba da gudummawar Trump biliyoniya Peter Thiel. Thiel, mai sukar dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ya kuma tallafa wa Stark, yana haifar da damuwa a Jamus—ko da yake Stark ya ce Thiel ba shi da wani tasiri kai tsaye na aiki ko dabara. Shugaban Palantir, Alex Karp, ya yaba wa mamayar Amurka akai-akai, yayin da Anduril ke gudana ta hannun Palmer Luckey mai shekaru 33, wanda da kansa ya shirya taron tara kuɗi na Trump kuma ya kulla dangantaka ta kut-da-kut da gwamnati.
**Wasan kyanwa da bera**
Farashin sassa kamar na'urori masu auna sigina da injuna ya faɗi ya buɗe kofa ga sabbin kamfanoni. Manyan masana'antun gargajiya sun sha mamakin juyin juya halin jirage marasa matuki, watakila saboda yana da wuya a sami riba mai yawa akan samfuran da ake samarwa da yawa.
Armin Papperger, shugaban kamfanin Rheinmetall na Jamus mai shekaru 137, ya haifar da tashin hankali a farkon wannan shekara ta hanyar kiran jirage marasa matuki na Ukraine a matsayin "Legos" marasa fasaha da "matan gida" ke yi da na'urorin buga 3D. Daga baya Rheinmetall ya ja da baya, amma maganar ba da gangan ta nuna canjin tattalin arzikin yaƙi. Farashin da ke faɗuwa yana sauƙaƙa haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da makamai masu arha, kamar jiragen Shahed na Iran—waɗanda Rasha ke amfani da su don tsoratar da biranen Ukraine kuma Tehran ke amfani da su a kan maƙwabta yayin hare-haren Amurka da Isra'ila.
Ana kiyasta Shaheds suna kaiwa kusan $30,000 (£22,200). Sabanin haka, yawancin tsarin tsaron iska na NATO suna amfani da makamai masu linzami waɗanda farashinsu ya kai ɗaruruwan dubban, ko kuma a yanayin masu tsangwama na Patriot na Amurka, miliyoyin daloli.
Sabbin kamfanoni sun mayar da hankali kan rushe Shaheds da sauran jirage marasa matuki da kayan aiki masu rahusa. Ana fahimtar makamai masu linzami na Frankenburg suna da farashin "ƙananan adadi biyar" a daloli, yayin da Skycutter ya ce mafi arha masu tsangwama na ƙasa-zuwa-iska suna kaiwa kusan $2,000.
Kowane sabon kamfani ya jaddada buƙatar zama mafi sauri fiye da masana'antun tsaro na gargajiya, waɗanda aka sani da primes, yayin da yaƙi ke haifar da saurin canji.
Skycutter ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da sauran kamfanoni da yawa waɗanda ke tara ɗaruruwan miliyoyin fam, yana da mutane 15 a Burtaniya da ƴan kwangila 50 a Ukraine. Waɗanda suka kafa kamfanin sun mayar da sha'awarsu ta zama kasuwanci na kera jirage marasa matuki na farar hula don duba bututun mai a shekara ta 2018, kafin mamayewar Vladimir Putin a 2022 ya sa ƙwarewarsu ta zama abin buƙata.
Sun tafi Ukraine kuma sun yi aiki kai tsaye tare da rukunin gaba. Yana da wasan "kyanwa da bera" na daidaita fasahar zuwa sabbin damar toshewa, in ji ɗaya daga cikin daraktoci, wanda ya nemi a bayyana sunansa bayan Rasha ta yi barazana ga masu kera jirage marasa matuki na Turai.
"Sai dai idan kana can kuma kana aiki tare da rukunoni da abin da Rasha ke ƙoƙarin yi, za ka koma baya," in ji su.
Sojoji a Ukraine suna yin gyare-gyare ga jirgin leƙen asiri Tekever AR3 Evo 2. Mendes ya ce Tekever ya ƙirƙiri fiye da nau'ikan 100 na babban samfurinsa a cikin shekaru uku na farko na yaƙin Ukraine, tare da sabunta software da sabbin na'urori masu auna sigina ko injuna da aka saka da zarar an shirya su. "Wannan abu ne na yau da kullun," in ji shi. "Kana fallasa kanka akai-akai. Abin da kawai kake da shi shi ne cewa yana canzawa."
**Lokaci yana ƙarewa**
Duk da haka akwai matsaloli tare da wannan saurin canji: sojoji da gwamnatoci ba su saba da daidaitawa da sauri ba. Misali, Burtaniya ta buga wani bita na dabarun tsaro a bara wanda ya yi kira ga yawan amfani da jirage marasa matuki, amma a watan da ya gabata marubucin ya zargi shugabannin Burtaniya, ciki har da Keir Starmer, da "rashin kulawa mai lalacewa" game da tsaro.
Jirgin Helsing HX-2 mai kai hari yana tashi yayin gwaji. Hoton: Helsing
Starmer ya yanke taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa don tallafawa sabbin makamai—wani mataki mai cike da cece-kuce ga yawancin 'yan majalisar Labour—amma har yanzu kuɗin bai bayyana ba. Shirin saka hannun jari na tsaro ya wuce watanni da yawa, wanda Baitulmali ya hana. Kamfanin BAE Systems, babban ɗan kwangilar tsaro na Burtaniya, ya ɗauki matakin da ba a saba gani ba a watan da ya gabata na bayyana a fili cewa aikin jirgin yaƙi na gaba zai tsaya a watan Yuni sai dai idan an samar da ƙarin kuɗi.
A makon da ya gabata, jaridar Financial Times ta ruwaito cewa kammala shirin tsaro—da kuma rufe gibin kuɗi da ake zargin £28bn—zai kasance wani ɓangare na "sake saita" Starmer bayan zaɓe.
"Burtaniya ta kasance a hankali fiye da yawancin" don ƙara kashewa, in ji Kevin Craven, babban jami'in gudanarwa na ADS, ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta sararin samaniya da tsaro ta Burtaniya. "Mun ji takaici game da saurin."
Skycutter ya haifar da tashin hankali kwanan nan lokacin da ya doke abokan hamayya da yawa a cikin shirin Drone Dominance na sojojin Amurka. Ya kasance mai faɗa game da haɗarin jinkirin kashe kuɗin Burtaniya: bidiyon masu tsangwamarsa suna rushe jiragen Shahed a Ukraine sun jawo tayin da yawa don ya ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙasashe, amma tallafin daga Burtaniya bai zo ba.
"Muna buga ƙofar Ma'aikatar Tsaro," in ji darektan Skycutter. "Abin takaici, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ba ta sha'awar a lokacin."
"Muna buƙatar yanke shawara mai mahimmanci a matsayin kamfani," in ji darektan. "Shin za mu zauna a Burtaniya ko mu bar Burtaniya? Burtaniya ita ce gidanmu a ƙarshe. Babu kuɗi a yanzu saboda babu shirin saka hannun jari na tsaro. Lokaci yana ƙarewa."
A duk faɗin Turai, har yanzu akwai shakku game da ko waɗanda ke siyan kayan aikin suna shirye don saurin canjin fasaha da yaƙi ke haifarwa, ko da yake da yawa daga cikin shugabanni sun ce halaye suna canzawa.
"Yana da tsarin muhalli mai saurin motsi kuma ba na jin cewa siyan yana shirye don magance shi," in ji James Acuna, tsohon jami'in Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya ta Amurka kuma yanzu babban jami'in gudanarwa na Ondas Capital, mai saka hannun jari na jirage marasa matuki na Amurka.
Mike Armstrong, manajan darakta na Stark a Burtaniya, ya ce halayen soja suna canzawa saboda "lokutan isarwa da ke kai shekaru da yawa ba su da amfani."
"Tsaron zamani ya dogara da samarwa mai dorewa, a ma'aunin masana'antu, maimakon yanke shawara na siye guda ɗaya," in ji shi. "Don haka sigina na dogon lokaci game da buƙata da siye suna da mahimmanci, saboda hakan yana ba kamfanoni irin mu kwarin gwiwa don saka hannun jari da haɓaka a saurin da yanayin tsaro na yanzu ke buƙata."
**Tambayoyin da Aka Yi Yawa**
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da yunƙurin Turai na kera makamai masu araha don 'yancin kai na tsaro
**Tambayoyin Matakin Farko**
1. Me yasa Turai ke ƙoƙarin kera makamanta masu araha kwatsam?
Turai tana son rage dogaro ga Amurka game da tsaronta. Matsalolin duniya na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa Turai tana buƙatar iya kare kanta ba tare da jiran amincewa ko kayayyakin Amurka ba.
2. Menene ainihin ma'anar makamai masu araha?
Yana nufin makamai waɗanda suke da rahusa don samarwa da siye a adadi mai yawa. Maimakon gina ƴan jiragen yaƙi ko tankuna masu tsada sosai, Turai tana son yawan jirage marasa matuki, makamai masu linzami, da motocin sulke masu sauƙi, masu inganci waɗanda har yanzu suna da tasiri.
3. Shin Amurka ba ta riga ta taimaka wa Turai game da tsaro ba?
Eh, amma yawancin shugabannin Turai suna damuwa cewa Amurka na iya zama ba ta son ko iya taimakawa koyaushe. Suna son shirin B don Turai ta iya kare kanta da kanta ko da tallafin Amurka ya ragu ko ya tsaya.
4. Wane irin makamai suke ƙoƙarin kera?
Suna mai da hankali kan:
- Jirage marasa matuki
- Makamai masu linzami masu dogon zango
- Kayan yaƙi na lantarki
- Motocin sulke masu sauƙi
5. Shin wannan zai sa Turai ta fi aminci ko ta fi haɗari?
Manufar ita ce ta sa Turai ta fi aminci ta hanyar hana hare-hare. Idan abokan gaba sun san cewa Turai za ta iya kare kanta ba tare da taimakon waje ba, da wuya su fara rikici.
**Tambayoyin Matakin Tsaka-tsaki**
6. Yaya "arha" ya bambanta da "mai rahusa"?
Makamai masu rahusa na iya karyewa cikin sauƙi. Makamai masu araha an tsara su don zama masu inganci—suna da aminci amma suna amfani da fasaha mai sauƙi, sassa na gama gari, da kayan aiki marasa tsada, don haka ana iya samar da su da yawa.
7. Menene manyan ƙalubalen da Turai ke fuskanta wajen yin haka?
- Kuɗi: Ƙasashe da yawa suna da kasafin kuɗi mai tsauri.
- Haɗin kai: Ƙasashe 27 na EU dole ne su yarda da ƙira ɗaya maimakon gina nau'ikan 27 daban-daban.
- Sarkokin samarwa: Turai ba ta da masana'antu don mahimman sassa kamar microchips da foda.
- Sauri: Tsarin mulki yana rage samarwa.
8. Yaya wannan ya bambanta da zamanin Yaƙin Cacar Baki?
A lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki, Turai ta gina manyan tankuna da jiragen yaƙi masu tsada. A yau, an mayar da hankali kan tsarin wayo, mai arha, da sake amfani da shi.
