A kan wani tudu mai tsauri na duwatsu da dusar ƙanƙara ta shafa a cikin tsibirin Svalbard mai nisa, masanin glaciers Andy Hodson ya nuna "kunnuwan" ƙanƙara—fararen da ke jikin dutsen—waɗanda suka ba glacier Foxfonna suna, bayan fox na Arctic. Ƙaramin glacier ɗin, a kan wani dutse mai nisan mil 8 (kilomita 15) daga ƙauyen Longyearbyen na Norway, ya zama sanannen tafiya na bazara ga masu yawon buɗe ido da ke neman ƙwarewar Arctic. Amma a Svalbard, inda glaciers ke rufe 57% na ƙasar kuma yanayin zafi yana ƙaruwa har sau bakwai fiye da matsakaicin duniya—wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi saurin ɗumama a Duniya—Foxfonna yana canzawa cikin sauri.
"Yana mutuwa sannu a hankali," in ji Hodson, farfesa a Cibiyar Jami'a a Svalbard (UNIS). Alamun da ke nuna hakan sun haɗa da siffa mai lanƙwasa: Foxfonna baya ƙara tara dusar ƙanƙara. Ruwan sama yana ƙara faɗowa a nan a matsayin ruwan sama. Adadin ɓacewarsa yana tsakanin mita 1 zuwa 4 a shekara, wanda ya sa ba za a gane shi ba daga lokacin da Hodson ya kasance a nan shekaru kaɗan da suka wuce.
A cikin fjords a wancan gefen ƙauyen bakin teku, manyan gaban glaciers da ke shiga teku—wanda ya zama halayen tsibiran—suna narkewa har ma da sauri: a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, 10 sun ja da baya gaba ɗaya zuwa ƙasa. A cikin 2024, "abubuwa sun tafi hauka," in ji Hodson, bayan yanayin zafi mafi girma a tarihi ya haifar da babbar asarar ƙanƙara ta 1% a duk tsibirin. Ana shafar shi ta hanyar ƙaruwar Arctic—wani tsarin mayar da martani wanda ja da baya na ƙanƙarar teku da ɗumamar yanayi ke sa juna su ƙara muni.
"Kusan dukan tsibirin yana ɓatar da ƙanƙara yanzu," in ji Hodson.
Longyearbyen—wargajewar gidaje masu launuka masu haske, cibiyoyin bincike da otal-otal na yawon buɗe ido a gindin wani kwari mai tsauri—yana a latitude na digiri 78 arewa, tasha ta ƙarshe a cikin Arctic mai tsayi kafin sandar arewa. Wani muhimmin sansani na kimiyyar Arctic, yana jan hankalin masu bincike, masu kasada da masu son yanayi. Mazaunan ƙauyen 2,600 sun saba da matsananci: yanayin zafi na hunturu na iya sauka har zuwa -20C (-4F) kuma, daga ƙarshen Oktoba zuwa farkon Maris, rana ba ta fitowa, tana jefa kwarin cikin fiye da kwanaki 100 na duhu.
Amma yanzu suna fuskantar sabbin ƙalubale masu tayar da hankali—abubuwan da da yawa ke nuna ya kamata su zama gargaɗi ga sauran yankunan Arctic. Ba wai kawai dusar ƙanƙara ke narkewa da sauri ba, har ma da permafrost—ƙasar da ta kasance tana daskarewa duk shekara—tana narkewa. Wannan yana haifar da sakamako marasa tsammani amma masu muhimmanci. Kwanan nan an gargaɗi mutane kada su sha daga famfunan ruwansu saboda manyan karafa daga dutsen da ke ƙasa suna shiga cikin ruwan ƙauyen. A maimakon haka, yanzu dole ne su cika kwantena daga wani tanki na tsakiya na ruwan da aka tace a babban shagon ƙauyen, yayin da ƙaramar hukuma ke bincike da gano abin da za a yi na dogon lokaci. Narkewar ya kuma haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa, lalata tushe da fashewar bango, wanda ya sa wasu gidaje ba za a iya zama ba kuma yana barazana ga zaman lafiyar wasu gine-gine na dogon lokaci. Sakamakon haka, babu isassun gidaje ga adadin mutanen da suke buƙata. Hukumomin Longyearbyen an tilasta musu su koyi darussa, su saba da yanayi kuma su yi ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da yanayin da ke canzawa.
A kan rufin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Svalbard—wadda ta fito a farkon al'amuran Vigil, sabon wasan kwaikwayo na BBC da aka saita a Svalbard—Gunhild B Sætren ta nuna wurin da babbar bala'in dusar ƙanƙara ta faru a tarihin tsibirin. Bala'in, a watan Disamba 2015, ya binne mutane tara, ya kashe wani mutum da wani jariri a cikin gidajensu a gindin Dutsen Sukkertoppen. "Ya kasance mummunan," in ji Sætren, farfesa a ilimin halayyar aminci wanda ke kula da Cibiyar Aminci ta Arctic (ASC) ta UNIS, wadda aka kafa bayan bala'in don mai da hankali kan sarrafa haɗari da daidaitawa da yanayi, "Canjin yanayi yana shafar mu ta hanyoyi da yawa. Babban haɗari shine bala'in dusar ƙanƙara. Yankin ya kasance hamadar Arctic, amma yanzu akwai ƙarin ruwan sama."
"Narkewar yana farawa da wuri," in ji jagorar yawon buɗe ido Matilda Weihs. Bala'in, wanda wani bala'in da ba ya kashe kowa ya biyo baya a 2017 wanda ya lalata gidaje biyu, ya faru ne sakamakon ɗumamar iskoki masu ƙarfi daga gabas da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawo. A lokacin, an san haɗarin bala'in dusar ƙanƙara daga Sukkertoppen, amma babu tsarin gargaɗi. Tun daga lokacin, an sanya shingen dusar ƙanƙara don rage yawo da bangon tarko na bala'in dusar ƙanƙara a kan dutsen, kuma an rushe wasu gidaje, ciki har da na Sætren. Cibiyar yanzu tana ba da lura da dusar ƙanƙara na mako-mako ga tsarin gargaɗin bala'in dusar ƙanƙara na ƙaramar hukuma. Sætren kuma tana aiki a wani shiri tare da sauran ƙauyukan Arctic masu tsayi a Iceland da Greenland don magance matsalolin gama gari, kamar hanyoyin ƙaura don bala'in dusar ƙanƙara. Ana sa ran sabon tsarin amincewa da jagororin yawon buɗe ido da gwamnan Svalbard ya gabatar don ingantaccen kimanta yanayi da sauran haɗari zai fara aiki nan da 2027.
Ilimin ƙasa na Arctic yana da rikitarwa kuma yana canzawa cikin sauri, kuma masu gudanar da yawon buɗe ido sun ce canje-canjen suna iyakance wasu ayyuka. A gidan shan shayi na Husky, Matilda Weihs, mai shekaru 30, jagora ga Svalbard Wildlife Expeditions wadda ASC ta horar, ta ce a wannan shekara dole ne su motsa motocin dusar ƙanƙara mil bakwai daga ƙauyen don samun isasshen dusar ƙanƙara don yawon buɗe ido.
"Muna ɓatar da dusar ƙanƙara da wuri kuma narkewar yana farawa da wuri," in ji Weihs. "Akwai manyan canje-canje a cikin fjords. Kana buƙatar nisantar gaban glaciers saboda haɗarin faɗuwar glaciers cikin teku."
Asarar ruwan sha ya kasance babban firgici, in ji Terje Aunevik, magajin garin Longyearbyen kuma tsohon mai tuka karnukan husky. "A Norway, inda muka kasance muna ɗauka cewa za mu iya shan ruwa daga famfo, yana da wahala a fara tunanin cewa muna buƙatar ɗaukar ruwanmu. Mutane suna fushi, suna mamakin 'me ya sa ba mu da iko a kai?'" Ya tilasta sake tunani game da yadda za a magance matsalar na dogon lokaci, in ji Aunevik. "Yanzu muna amfani da albarkatu da yawa don tsaftace ruwan famfonmu, alhali muna amfani da watakila 1-2% na hakan don sha. Wannan hauka ne na amfani da makamashi. Za mu iya samun tsarin samar da ruwa daban-daban guda biyu a cikin gidajenmu, ɗaya don sha ɗaya kuma don ruwan toka."
Aunevik ya ce narkewar permafrost kuma yana tilasta sake tunanin yadda aka gina ƙauyen. An jinkirta gina sabbin gidaje don magance rikicin gidaje yayin da ƙauyen ke magance canji zuwa sabon tsarin makamashi (tsohon sansanin hakar ma'adinai, a baya yana amfani da ruwan zafi mai sharar gida daga ma'adinan don dumama). Sannan, a cikin 2025, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa manyan karafa suna gurɓata hanyar samar da ruwa.
"A wasu lokuta nakan ce muna farkon gina sabon gari gaba ɗaya," in ji Aunevik. "Muna buƙatar canza komai. Akwai karin magana cewa itace ba ya ruɓewa a Arctic, amma yanzu yana ruɓewa. Yana ƙalubalantar yadda muke gina gine-ginenmu."
Ingvild Sæbu Vatn, abokiyar tarayya a kamfanin gine-gine na Longyearbyen LPO Arkitekter, ta ce wata mafita ga narkewar permafrost da ke shafar tushen katako ita ce a huda cikin dutsen da ke ƙasa. Wani ƙauye a Svalbard, Ny-Ålesund, ya gwada wannan, amma Sæbu Vatn ta ce wasu gine-gine sun fara turewa sama saboda motsi a cikin ƙasa. "Sun yi tunani, 'za mu sanya tushe a cikin dutsen da ke ƙasa sannan za mu kasance lafiya,' amma sun yi kuskure," in ji Sæbu Vatn, wadda ta ƙara da cewa wannan yana buƙatar a yi shi a hankali. "Idan ka sanya tushe a cikin dutsen da ke ƙasa amma ba ka yi shi yadda ya kamata ba, gine-ginen za su ci gaba da motsi. Muna buƙatar sake tunanin yadda muke gina tushe." Waɗanda ke aiki kan mafita kuma sun yi la'akari da matakan ban mamaki. "Wata mafita da ake bincike [don daidaita tushen gine-gine] ita ce a daskare ƙasa ta hanyar busa iska mai sanyi a ƙarƙashin gine-gine a lokacin hunturu," in ji Sæbu Vatn. Ta ce yayin da Longyearbyen babu shakka yana fama, fatanta ita ce ta hanyar nemo hanyar tsira, za su iya ba da bege ga sauran yankunan Arctic, kamar waɗanda ke da al'ummar Inuit a Greenland da Canada. "Babban albarkatun da Longyearbyen ke da shi shine yawan jama'arsa," in ji ta. "Mutane masu kasada ne kuma masu basira, kuma kamfanoni da yawa suna da ƙirƙira sosai. Wataƙila za mu iya gina ilimi daga wannan ƙaramin wuri mai ban mamaki da ke ɗumama cikin sauri. Wannan zai zama kyakkyawan manufa."
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi Wannan Ƙauyen Norway Yana Ɗaya daga cikin Wurare Mafi Saurin Ɗumama a Duniya Ta Yaya Mutanensa Za Su Cece Shi
1 Wane ƙauyen Norway ne wannan yake magana akai
Longyearbyen ne babban gari a Svalbard, tsibirin Norway a cikin Arctic. Yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake da mazauna mafi saurin ɗumama a Duniya
2 Yaya saurin ɗumama yake a zahiri
Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya ƙaru da kusan 4C tun 1970, sau da yawa fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Ruwan sama yanzu yana faɗowa a lokacin hunturu kuma permafrost yana narkewa
3 Me ya sa Arctic ke ɗumama da sauri fiye da sauran duniya
Galibi saboda ƙaruwar Arctic: raguwar ƙanƙarar teku da dusar ƙanƙara suna fallasa duhu mai duhu da ƙasa waɗanda ke shan ƙarin hasken rana maimakon nuna shi. Ƙarin zafi kuma yana fitowa daga ƙasan da ke narkewa da ruwa mai buɗe ido
4 Menene ma'anar permafrost
Ƙasar da ke zama daskararre duk shekara. Lokacin da ta narke, ƙasar tana motsi tana nitsewa kuma ba za ta iya tallafawa gine-gine, hanyoyi ko bututu da aka gina a kanta ba
5 Waɗanne matsaloli ƙauyen ke fuskanta a yanzu
Narkewar permafrost yana lalata gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa; bala'in dusar ƙanƙara da zaftarewar ƙasa sun kashe mutane; tafiya ta hunturu a kan ƙasa mai daskarewa da ƙanƙarar teku ba ta da aminci sosai kuma ayyukan gargajiya kamar tukin kare sun fi wahala
6 Ƙauyen zai iya dakatar da ɗumamar kanta
A'a, hayaƙin gida yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da jimillar duniya. Amma mazauna za su iya daidaitawa da canje-canjen kuma su matsa don faɗaɗa matakin yanayi
7 To me mutanen Longyearbyen za su iya yi a zahiri
Daidaitawa: gina a kan ginshiƙai ko ƙaura gine-gine; inganta sa ido kan bala'in dusar ƙanƙara da zaftarewar ƙasa; bambanta tattalin arziki fiye da kwal; da shirya don makomar da ƙasa ba za ta da ƙarfin kwanciya ba
8 Yaya za a gina lafiya a kan permafrost mai narkewa
Yi amfani da tushe mai ɗagawa a kan ginshiƙan da aka huda cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi, rufi don kiyaye ƙasa sanyi, da magudanar ruwa a hankali. Wasu gine-gine an tilasta motsa su ko rushe su
9 Me ya faru da bala'in dusar ƙanƙara
A 2015 wani bala'in dusar ƙanƙara ya kashe mutane biyu ciki har da wata yarinya ƙarama kuma ya lalata gidaje. Wani bala'in a 2016 ya kashe wani mutum ɗaya. Tun daga lokacin an gina shingen bala'in dusar ƙanƙara da ingantattun tsarin gargaɗi kuma an ƙaura wasu gidaje
10 Me ya sa kwal ke da muhimmanci a nan
Longyearbyen
