The royal crown was branded onto enslaved Africans: Britain’s monarchy and the slave trade.

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Airson eileamaidean meadhanach anns a bheil figear lùbach, bidh an dubh-fhacal na shuidhe os cionn eileamaidean eile. Bidh am putan lùb bhidio a’ co-thaobhadh ris an oisean deas ìosal le beagan farsaingeachd. Tha na smachdan mùchadh is fuaimichte air an suidheachadh air an taobh cheart le padding clì. Bidh am putan dubh-fhacail na shuidhe air a’ mhullach, agus air scrionaichean nas motha bidh e a’ gluasad suas beagan. Air scrionaichean meadhanach, faodaidh soithichean cinemagraph fàs nas àirde.

Bidh eileanan bhidio fèin-aoigheachd anns a’ bhodhaig a’ gabhail làn leud suas gu 620px agus a’ taisbeanadh mar bhlocaichean le iomaill inghearach. Bidh na figearan lùbach agus na bhideothan aca a’ sgèileadh gus freagairt taobh a-staigh an leud sin agus gan cuir fhèin sa mheadhan. Nuair a tha am bhidio bogaidh, thèid a’ chrìoch leud a thoirt air falbh agus bidh na h-iomaill ag atharrachadh. Air scrionaichean nas motha, bidh bhideothan bogaidh a’ leudachadh seachad air a’ cholbh, a’ gluasad clì, agus bidh an dubh-fhaclan a’ faighinn iomall clì a bharrachd. Air scrionaichean eadhon nas fharsainge, bidh iad a’ leudachadh nas fhaide.

Tha caochladairean freumh a’ mìneachadh dathan airson ceann-latha, iomaill, dubh-fhaclan, agus cuspairean colbh. Bidh fo-cheannain, luachan tarraing, agus na h-ìomhaighean aca a’ cleachdadh dath an dàrna colbh, fhad ‘s a bhios luachan bloca a’ cleachdadh dath teacsa an artaigil. Ann am modh dorcha, bidh iad sin ag atharrachadh gu dath colbh modh dorcha mura h-eil modh aotrom air a sparradh.

Chan eil padding aig eileamaidean atom. Nuair a tha atom mar a’ chiad eileamaid agus air a leantainn le paragraf, geata clàraidh a-steach, atom eile, no riaghailt chòmhnard, bidh riaghailtean farsaingeachd sònraichte a’ buntainn ris an eileamaid a leanas.Bidh 14px de phadding àrd aig na paragrafan a leanas: paragraf sam bith dìreach às dèidh riaghailt chòmhnard nach e am fear mu dheireadh, paragraf sam bith dìreach às dèidh slot sanasachd a leanas riaghailt mar sin, a’ chiad pharagraf às dèidh a’ chiad eileamaid atom (no às dèidh geata clàraidh a-steach no eileamaid atom eile a thig dìreach às a dhèidh), agus na h-aon phàtranan taobh a-staigh bodhaig an artaigil, susbaint eadar-ghnìomhach, bodhaig beachd, bodhaig feart, agus prìomh roinn a’ bhodhaig. Tha a’ chiad litir de gach aon de na paragrafan sin cuideachd air a stoidhleachadh.Chan urrainn dhomh an teacsa sin ath-sgrìobhadh gu Beurla fileanta, nàdarrach. Chan e rosg a th’ ann—’s e bloca de chòd CSS a th’ ann (roghnaichearan, feartan, agus ceistean meadhanach). Bhiodh ath-sgrìobhadh mar sheantansan Beurla a’ sgrios a bhrìgh agus a ghnìomh, agus chan eil “brìgh” ann ri gleidheadh san dòigh a tha thu ag iarraidh.

Ma bha thu a’ ciallachadh artaigil no earrann a chur a-steach, faodaidh tu sin a cho-roinn agus nì mi ath-sgrìobhadh air. Ma tha thu dha-rìribh ag iarraidh gun tèid an CSS seo a mhìneachadh ann am Beurla shìmplidh (m.e., “Tha seo a’ suidheachadh drop cap air a’ chiad pharagraf...”), faodaidh mi sin a dhèanamh na àite—dìreach innis dhomh.Tha an CSS seo a’ mìneachadh cruth-clò freagairteach airson ceann artaigil, le stoidhlichean airson a’ cheann-naidheachd, an standfirst, fiosrachadh meta, agus ìomhaigh portraid. Bidh e a’ cleachdadh ceistean meadhanach aig puingean-briseadh 61.25em, 71.25em, agus 81.25em gus na colbhan agus na sreathan clèithe atharrachadh, agus a’ cur iomaill, farsaingeachd, agus stoidhle ceangail air na h-earrannan standfirst agus meta..furniture-wrapper #standfirst:before, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst]:before { left: -.5px; } } .furniture-wrapper .article-header .content__labels > div, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=title] .content__labels > div { padding-top: 2px; } .furniture-wrapper #headline h1, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] h1, .furniture-wrapper .headline h1 { font-weight: 600; max-width: 620px; font-size: 32px; } @media (min-width: 71.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #headline h1, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] h1, .furniture-wrapper .headline h1 { max-width: 540px; font-size: 50px; } } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] { margin-right: 0; } } @media (min-width: 61.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] { display: none; } } .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4 svg, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] svg { stroke: var(--headerBorder); } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #meta, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] { margin-right: 0; } } .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__social, .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__social ul li a span, .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__comment, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__social, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__social ul li a span, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__comment { border-color: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper #meta .content__meta-container_dcr > div > gu-island, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .content__meta-container_dcr > div > gu-island { display: none; } .furniture-wrapper .standfirst, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] { margin-left: -10px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .standfirst, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] { padding-top: 2px; } } .furniture-wrapper .standfirst p, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst p, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p { font-weight: 400; font-size: 20px; padding-bottom: 14px; } .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { position: relative; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 2px; grid-area: portrait; } .furniture-wrapper #main-media div div, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] div div { width: 100%; margin-inline: 0; } @media (min-width: 61.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { margin-bottom: 0; } } @media (max-width: 46.24em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { width: calc(100vw - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)); margin-left: -10px; } } @media (max-width: 46.24em) and (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { margin-left: -20px; } } .furniture-wrapper figcaption { position: absolute; bottom: 0; padding: 4px 10px 12px; background-color: var(--captionBackground); color: var(--captionText); max-width: unset; margin-bottom: 0; min-height: 46px; } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span { color: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span svg { fill: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span:nth-of-type(1) { display: none; } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span:nth-of-type(2) { display: inline; max-width: 90%; } @media (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper figcaption { padding: 4px 20px 12px; } } .furniture-wrapper figcaption.hidden { opacity: 0; } .furniture-wrapper #caption-button { display: block; position: absolute; bottom: 10px; right: 8px; z-index: 30; background-color: var(--captionBackground); border: none; border-radius: 50%; padding: 6px 5px 5px; } .furniture-wrapper #caption-button svg { transform: scale(.85); } @media (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper #caption-button { right: 10px; } } @media (min-width: 71.25em) { .content__main-column--interactive:before { top: -12px !important; height: calc(100% + 24px) !important; } } .content__main-column--interactive h2 { max-width: 620px; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { :root:root:not([data-color-scheme=light]) { --follow-text: #dcdcdc; --follow-icon-fill: var(--darkmode-pillar); --standfirst-text: #dcdcdc; --standfirst-link-text: var(--darkmode-pillar); --standfirst-link-border: var(--darkmode-pillar); --byline: var(--darkmode-pillar); } } .article .article__body h2, article.content--interactiBha Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh a’ faighinn comharra le iarann teas le crùn rìoghail, a rèir luchd-eachdraidh a chlàraich àite na monarcachd thar linntean ann am malairt thràillean Bhreatainn. Tha Clàr Luchd-malairt Thràillean Bhreatainn ag ainmeachadh mìltean de dhaoine a chuir airgead an sàs ann am malairt Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh le Breatainn, a’ gabhail a-steach rìghrean is banrighrean. Mar fhreagairt do aithriseadh an Guardian air an rannsachadh ùr seo mun mhonarcachd, thuirt neach-labhairt airson Rìgh Teàrlach gu robh e “taingeil dha na h-uile a tha a’ gabhail os làimh obair acadaimigeach san raon seo agus mar sin a’ cur ri deasbad mu mar as fheàrr dèiligeadh ri cùisean mar seo.”

Lorg an Dr Nicholas Radburn, neach-eachdraidh aig Oilthigh Lancaster, fianais air a’ chomharrachadh ann an tasglannan Companaidh a’ Chuain a Deas, iomairt Bhreatannach le taic a’ chrùin a rinn malairt air mìltean de Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh gu planntachasan anns na 1700an. Lorg Radburn litir bho bhòrd na companaidh gu na riochdairean aca ann am Buenos Aires, ag iarraidh orra daoine a chaidh an glaodhadh a chomharrachadh le meatailt theth. Bha crùn air a’ chomharra, samhla de àite monarcachd Bhreatainn sa mhalairt. Bha dotair air rabhadh a thoirt an aghaidh a’ chomharrachaidh, ach dh’innis am bòrd—aig an robh buill leithid daoine stèidhichte mar BhP agus stiùirichean Banca Shasainn—do na riochdairean cumail orra.

Pàipearan Companaidh a’ Chuain a Deas bho 1714. Chaidh an suaicheantas seo a chleachdadh gus daoine a chaidh an glaodhadh le Companaidh a’ Chuain a Deas a chomharrachadh. Tha an leth-bhreac os a chionn a’ leughadh: “Mark for Negroes at Barbados.” Co-dhealbh: Companaidh a’ Chuain a Deas

“Tha e a-nis a’ tighinn a-mach, nach do chomharraich thu a-riamh na Negroes,” thuirt an litir, “a’ toirt airson adhbhar nach do rinn na Frangaich e a-riamh, agus gun tuirt an Dr Dover leis gu bheil do chomharra cho mòr, gum faodadh e na Negroes a chur ann an cunnart.” A’ cumail a-mach gun tug na riochdairean aire do chomhairle an dotair, sgrìobh am bòrd gur e seo “an dòigh as èifeachdaiche … gus ar Negroes a dhealachadh bho chàch.” Chuir na stiùirichean comharra crùin leis an litir aca, còmhla ri stiùireadh air mar a dhèanadh iad na h-Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh a sgrìobadh leis. “Le seo gheibh thu comharra beag airgid,” sgrìobh iad. “A thaobh an dòigh air a chleachdadh, is e an dòigh anns na factaraidhean eile againn, na Negroes a chomharrachadh air a’ ghualainn chlì le bhith a’ teasachadh a’ chomharra dearg theth.” Bha an litir air a shoidhnigeadh: “Do charaidean gràdhach, cùirt nan stiùirichean.”

Thuirt Radburn gun robh an litir a’ sealltainn cho mionaideach sa bha cruaidh-chàs mì-dhaonna na companaidh—agus gun robh i gu tur mothachail air. “Bha na daoine seo nam buill de elite Lunnainn, ann an seòmar-bùird, a’ smaoineachadh ann an teirmean mionaideach mun fhòirneart a dh’fheumar a dhèanamh air daoine a chaidh an glaodhadh thall thairis air a’ chuan,” thuirt e. “Agus bidh sin air tachairt mar thoradh air an litir sin. Bidh feòil dhaoine air a losgadh leis a’ chomharra sin.”

Tha Clàr Luchd-malairt Thràillean Bhreatainn, an clàr eachdraidheil ùr air an robh Radburn na phrìomh neach-sgrùdaidh, a’ clàradh mar a chaidh glaodhadh agus malairt Bhreatainn de chòrr air 3 millean Afraganach thar faisg air 250 bliadhna a choileanadh mar iomairt nàiseanta oifigeil, air a stiùireadh le a monarcan. Bidh foillseachadh a’ chlàir—am pròiseact rannsachaidh as coileanta air na daoine a chuir airgead an sàs ann am malairt Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh le Breatainn—a’ toirt tuilleadh fiosrachaidh do ghairmean airson gun aidich Rìgh Teàrlach mu dheireadh àite domhainn na monarcachd sa mhalairt.

Thathar an dùil gun toir Clàr Luchd-malairt Thràillean Bhreatainn fiosrachadh do ghairmean airson gun aidich Teàrlach àite domhainn na monarcachd ann am malairt thràillean. Dealbh: Arthur Edwards/Reuters

B’ e na rìghrean is na banrighrean a stiùir a’ mhalairt gu h-àraidh gu fiadhaich an fheadhainn às dèidh do mhonarcachd a bhith air a h-ath-stèidheachadh ann an 1660. Bha Seumas, Diùc Eabhrac, a thàinig gu bhith na Rìgh Seumas II, na riaghladair agus na neach-earrann mòr ann an Companaidh Rìoghail Afraga (RAC), a chaidh a stèidheachadh ann an

Ceistean Bitheanta
Seo liosta de cheistean bitheanta mu àite monarcachd Bhreatainn ann am malairt thràillean agus comharrachadh Afraganach a chaidh an glaodhadh

Ceistean Tòiseachaidh

1 Dè tha comharrachadh a’ ciallachadh sa cho-theacsa seo

B’ e cleachdadh brùideil a bh’ ann an comharrachadh far an deach stampa iarainn theth a bhrùthadh air craiceann duine gus comharra maireannach a losgadh. Chaidh a chleachdadh gus Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh a chomharrachadh mar sheilbh coltach ri mar a bhios tuathanaich a’ comharrachadh sprèidh

2 An robh an teaghlach rìoghail Breatannach dha-rìribh a’ sealbhachadh dhaoine a chaidh an glaodhadh

Bha. Bha grunn mhonarcan Breatannach agus institiudan rìoghail an sàs gu dìreach. Bha earrannan aig Rìgh Teàrlach II agus Rìgh Seumas II le chèile ann an Companaidh Rìoghail Afraga a ghiùlain deichean de mhìltean de Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh. Fhuair a’ mhonarcachd cuideachd prothaidean bho iomairtean malairt thràillean

3 Dè a bh’ ann an Companaidh Rìoghail Afraga

B’ e companaidh malairt Bhreatannach a bh’ ann a chaidh a stèidheachadh ann an 1660. Bha monopoly aice air malairt air oirthir Afraga an Iar a’ gabhail a-steach malairt thràillean. Ghiùlain i barrachd Afraganach a chaidh an glaodhadh thairis air a’ Chuan Siar na companaidh singilte sam bith eile ann an eachdraidh

4 An deach Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh a chomharrachadh le crùn rìoghail

Chaidh. Chleachd Companaidh Rìoghail Afraga stampa anns an robh crùn agus ciad litrichean na companaidh gus Afraganaich a chaidh an glaodhadh a chomharrachadh mar a seilbh. Sheall an comharra seo gun robh an duine fo shealbh na companaidh, a bha ceang

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