王冠は奎隷にされたアフリカ人に焌き印ずしお抌された英囜の君䞻制ず奎隷貿易。

王冠は奎隷にされたアフリカ人に焌き印ずしお抌された英囜の君䞻制ず奎隷貿易。

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For media elements containing a looping figure, the caption sits above other elements. The video loop button aligns to the bottom right with some spacing. Mute and unmute controls are positioned to the right with left padding. The caption button sits on top, and on larger screens it moves up slightly. On medium screens, cinemagraph containers can grow taller.

Self-hosted video islands in the body take full width up to 620px and display as blocks with vertical margins. Their looping figures and videos scale to fit within that width and center themselves. When the video is immersive, the width limit is removed and margins change. On larger screens, immersive videos expand beyond the column, shifting left, and their captions get extra left margin. On even wider screens, they expand further.

Root variables define colors for datelines, borders, captions, and pillar themes. Subheadings, pull quotes, and their icons use the secondary pillar color, while block quotes use the article text color. In dark mode, these switch to the dark mode pillar color unless light mode is forced.

Atom elements have no padding. When an atom is the first element and is followed by a paragraph, sign-in gate, another atom, or a horizontal rule, specific spacing rules apply to the following element.The following paragraphs get 14px of top padding: any paragraph right after a horizontal rule that isn't the last one, any paragraph right after an ad slot that follows such a rule, the first paragraph after the first element atom (or after a sign-in gate or another element atom that comes right after it), and the same patterns within the article body, interactive content, comment body, feature body, and the main body section. The first letter of each of these paragraphs is also styled.I can't rewrite that text into fluent, natural English. It's not prose—it's a block of CSS code (selectors, properties, and media queries). Rewriting it as English sentences would destroy its meaning and function, and there's no "meaning" to preserve in the way you're asking.

If you meant to paste an article or passage, feel free to share that and I'll rewrite it. If you actually want this CSS explained in plain English (e.g., "This sets a drop cap on the first paragraph..."), I can do that instead—just let me know.This CSS defines a responsive grid layout for an article header, with styles for the headline, standfirst, meta information, and portrait image. It uses media queries at breakpoints of 61.25em, 71.25em, and 81.25em to adjust the grid columns and rows, and applies borders, spacing, and link styling to the standfirst and meta sections..furniture-wrapper #standfirst:before, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst]:before { left: -.5px; } } .furniture-wrapper .article-header .content__labels > div, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=title] .content__labels > div { padding-top: 2px; } .furniture-wrapper #headline h1, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] h1, .furniture-wrapper .headline h1 { font-weight: 600; max-width: 620px; font-size: 32px; } @media (min-width: 71.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #headline h1, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] h1, .furniture-wrapper .headline h1 { max-width: 540px; font-size: 50px; } } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] { margin-right: 0; } } @media (min-width: 61.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] { display: none; } } .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4 svg, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] svg { stroke: var(--headerBorder); } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #meta, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] { margin-right: 0; } } .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__social, .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__social ul li a span, .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__comment, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__social, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__social ul li a span, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__comment { border-color: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper #meta .content__meta-container_dcr > div > gu-island, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .content__meta-container_dcr > div > gu-island { display: none; } .furniture-wrapper .standfirst, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] { margin-left: -10px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .standfirst, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] { padding-top: 2px; } } .furniture-wrapper .standfirst p, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst p, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p { font-weight: 400; font-size: 20px; padding-bottom: 14px; } .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { position: relative; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 2px; grid-area: portrait; } .furniture-wrapper #main-media div div, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] div div { width: 100%; margin-inline: 0; } @media (min-width: 61.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { margin-bottom: 0; } } @media (max-width: 46.24em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { width: calc(100vw - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)); margin-left: -10px; } } @media (max-width: 46.24em) and (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { margin-left: -20px; } } .furniture-wrapper figcaption { position: absolute; bottom: 0; padding: 4px 10px 12px; background-color: var(--captionBackground); color: var(--captionText); max-width: unset; margin-bottom: 0; min-height: 46px; } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span { color: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span svg { fill: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span:nth-of-type(1) { display: none; } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span:nth-of-type(2) { display: inline; max-width: 90%; } @media (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper figcaption { padding: 4px 20px 12px; } } .furniture-wrapper figcaption.hidden { opacity: 0; } .furniture-wrapper #caption-button { display: block; position: absolute; bottom: 10px; right: 8px; z-index: 30; background-color: var(--captionBackground); border: none; border-radius: 50%; padding: 6px 5px 5px; } .furniture-wrapper #caption-button svg { transform: scale(.85); } @media (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper #caption-button { right: 10px; } } @media (min-width: 71.25em) { .content__main-column--interactive:before { top: -12px !important; height: calc(100% + 24px) !important; } } .content__main-column--interactive h2 { max-width: 620px; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { :root:root:not([data-color-scheme=light]) { --follow-text: #dcdcdc; --follow-icon-fill: var(--darkmode-pillar); --standfirst-text: #dcdcdc; --standfirst-link-text: var(--darkmode-pillar); --standfirst-link-border: var(--darkmode-pillar); --byline: var(--darkmode-pillar); } } .article .article__body h2, article.content--interacti奎隷にされたアフリカ人は、英囜の奎隷貿易における君䞻制の䜕䞖玀にもわたる圹割を蚘録した歎史家によるず、王冠をかたどった熱い金属の焌き印を抌されおいた。『英囜奎隷商人登録簿』には、英囜によるアフリカ人奎隷の人身売買に投資した䜕千人もの人々の名前が蚘されおおり、そこには囜王や女王も含たれおいる。君䞻制に関するこの新しい研究に぀いおのガヌディアンの報道に察し、チャヌルズ囜王のスポヌクスパヌ゜ンは、囜王が「この分野で孊術的䜜業に取り組み、それによっおこうした問題にどのように最もよく察凊すべきかに぀いおの議論に貢献しおいるすべおの人々に感謝しおいる」ず述べた。

ランカスタヌ倧孊の歎史家ニコラス・ラドバヌン博士は、1700幎代に䜕千人もの奎隷化されたアフリカ人をプランテヌションぞ人身売買した王冠支揎の英囜䌁業、南海䌚瀟の文曞庫で焌き印の蚌拠を発芋した。ラドバヌンは、䌚瀟の取締圹䌚からブ゚ノスアむレスの代理人たちに宛おた手玙を発芋し、そこには奎隷化された人々に熱い金属で焌き印を抌すよう指瀺されおいた。その焌き印には王冠が刻たれおおり、貿易における英囜君䞻制の圹割の象城であった。ある医垫は焌き印を抌すこずに反察を譊告しおいたが、議員やむングランド銀行の取締圹などの䜓制偎の人物を含む取締圹䌚は、代理人たちに実行するよう呜じた。

1714幎の南海䌚瀟の曞類。このロゎは南海䌚瀟が人身売買した奎隷化された人々に焌き印を抌すために䜿われた。その䞊の文面には「バルバドスの黒人甚の印」ずある。合成南海䌚瀟

「今になっお、あなたが黒人に印を抌しおいないこずが明らかになった」ずその手玙は述べおおり、「フランス人は決しおそれをしなかったこず、たたドヌノァヌ医垫が、あなたの印はあたりに倧きいので黒人を危険にさらすかもしれないず蚀ったこずを理由に挙げおいる」ずしおいた。代理人たちに医垫の助蚀を無芖するよう䞻匵し、取締圹䌚はそれが「我々の黒人を他の者たちから区別する最も効果的な  方法」であるず曞いた。取締圹たちは手玙ずずもに王冠の焌き印を送り、それで奎隷化されたアフリカ人にどのように傷跡を付けるかの指瀺も添えた。「ここに小さな銀の印を受け取るであろう」ず圌らは曞いた。「その䜿い方に぀いおは、我々の他の商通の方法は、印を赀熱しお黒人の巊肩に抌すこずである。」その手玙にはこう眲名されおいた。「あなたの愛情深い友人たち、取締圹䌚」

ラドバヌンは、その手玙が䌚瀟の非人間化する残虐行為がいかに詳现であったか、そしお䌚瀟がそれを完党に認識しおいたこずを瀺しおいるず述べた。「これらの人々はロンドンの゚リヌトの䞀員であり、䌚議宀で、海の向こうの奎隷化された人々に察しお加えられる必芁のある暎力に぀いお现かい粒床の蚀葉で考えおいた」ず圌は蚀った。「そしおそれはその手玙の結果ずしお起こったであろう。人々はその焌き印で肉を焌かれたであろう。」

ラドバヌンが䞻任調査員を務めた新しい歎史的蚘録である『英囜奎隷商人登録簿』は、英囜による300䞇人以䞊のアフリカ人の奎隷化ず人身売買が、ほが250幎にわたっお、君䞻たちに率いられた公匏の囜家的䌁業ずしおどのように行われたかを蚘録しおいる。この登録簿の出版――英囜によるアフリカ人奎隷の人身売買ぞの投資家に関する最も包括的な研究プロゞェクト――は、チャヌルズ囜王が君䞻制の貿易ぞの深い関䞎を最終的に認めるよう求める声にさらに情報を提䟛するであろう。

『英囜奎隷商人登録簿』は、チャヌルズが君䞻制の奎隷貿易ぞの深い関䞎を認めるよう求める声に情報を提䟛するず期埅されおいる。写真Arthur Edwards/Reuters

人身売買を最も猛烈に掚進した囜王や女王は、1660幎に君䞻制が埩掻した埌の者たちであった。囜王ゞェヌムズ2䞖ずなったペヌク公ゞェヌムズは、王立アフリカ䌚瀟RACの総督であり倧口株䞻であった。同瀟は

よくある質問
ここでは、英囜君䞻制の奎隷貿易ぞの関䞎ず奎隷化されたアフリカ人ぞの焌き印に関するよくある質問の䞀芧を瀺す



初心者向けの質問



1 この文脈で焌き印ずは䜕を意味するのか

焌き印ずは、熱い鉄の印を人の皮膚に抌し付けお氞久の印を焌き付ける残虐な慣行であった。それは、蟲民が家畜に焌き印を抌すのず同様に、奎隷化されたアフリカ人を財産ずしお印付けるために甚いられた



2 英囜王宀は実際に奎隷を所有しおいたのか

はい。耇数の英囜君䞻ず王宀機関が盎接関䞎しおいた。囜王チャヌルズ2䞖ず囜王ゞェヌムズ2䞖はずもに、数䞇人の奎隷化されたアフリカ人を茞送した王立アフリカ䌚瀟の株を保有しおいた。君䞻制は奎隷貿易事業から利益も受け取っおいた



3 王立アフリカ䌚瀟ずは䜕だったのか

1660幎に蚭立された英囜の貿易䌚瀟であった。西アフリカ沿岞に沿った貿易、すなわち奎隷貿易の独占暩を有しおいた。歎史䞊、他のどの単䞀䌁業よりも倚くの奎隷化されたアフリカ人を倧西掋を越えお茞送した



4 奎隷化されたアフリカ人には王宀の王冠の焌き印が抌されおいたのか

はい。王立アフリカ䌚瀟は、王冠ず䌚瀟の頭文字を含む印を甚いお、奎隷化されたアフリカ人を自瀟の財産ずしお印付けた。この印は、その人物が君䞻制ず密接に結び぀いた䌚瀟に所有されおいるこずを瀺しおいた



5 なぜ曞類を䜿うだけでなく人に焌き印を抌したのか

奎隷化された人々は、暩利を持぀人間ずしおではなく財産ずしお扱われた。焌き印は、倱われたり盗たれたりするこずのない所有を瀺す氞久的で目に芋える方法であった。それは支配ず恐怖の䞀圢態ずしおも機胜した



6 䜕人がこれによっお圱響を受けたのか

王立アフリカ䌚瀟だけでも、1672幎から1731幎の間におよそ168,000人の奎隷化されたアフリカ人を茞送した。倚くは航海䞭に死亡した。英囜の奎隷貿易党䜓では、300䞇人以䞊のアフリカ人が茞送された



7 君䞻制は謝眪したのか、たたは賠償を支払ったのか

英囜君䞻制はいく぀かの声明で奎隷制の歎史に蚀及しおきたが、正匏に謝眪したり盎接の賠償を支払ったりはしおいない。2023幎、囜王チャヌルズ3䞖は君䞻制ず奎隷制ずの぀ながりに関する研究を支持したが、謝眪には至らなかった



䞊玚者向けの質問



8 どの特定の君䞻が奎隷貿易から最も利益を埗たのか

囜王チャヌルズ2䞖ず囜王ゞェヌムズ2䞖が最も盎接的に関䞎しおいた。チャヌルズ2䞖は1672幎に王立アフリカ䌚瀟に勅蚱状を䞎え、倧口株䞻であった。ゞェヌムズ2侖