Littafin sabon Naomi Klein yana buɗewa a kan wani dutse mai tsayi, tare da maza biyu "masu aminci suna tara masu sauraro don raba hangen nesansu." Hangen nesa ne na wani birni aljanna, mai ƙofofi a kowace mashiga, inda babu buƙatar makamai kuma kowa mai arziki ne. Ɗaya daga cikin mutanen yana da hawaye a idanunsa yayin da yake kwatanta kyawunsa. Amma farkon fage na End Times Fascism, wanda aka rubuta tare da Astra Taylor, ba misali ba ne. Mutanen su ne Jared Kushner da Steve Witkoff. Shekarar ita ce 2026, dutsen shine Davos. Birnin aljanna za a kira shi New Gaza.
Taron Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya a Davos, Switzerland, koyaushe yana da manufa biyu: ba wa masu arziki ƙwarai dandali don yin magana game da duk alherin da suke yi kan talauci da yanayi, da kuma ba mu hangen nesa cikin rayuwarsu mai kishi. A wannan shekara, abin da muka gani shi ne, cikin rashin kunya, mafi arziki a duniya suna taruwa don tattauna yiwuwar gine-gine na wani kabari na jama'a.
A wannan Davos ɗin, Donald Trump ya sanar da Kwamitin Zaman Lafiya nasa don sake gina Gaza. Bai isar da wani abu mai mahimmanci ba cikin watanni bakwai tun daga lokacin, amma mafi mahimmanci, in ji Klein, "ana buge mu da abubuwa masu ban mamaki da yawa har yana da wahala mu riƙe abin da yake babban al'amari: sun sanar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai zaman kanta."
"Ina tsammanin mun fahimci cewa dukiya tana ƙaruwa, ko? Tabbas masu arziki sun fahimci cewa dukiya tana ƙaruwa," Klein ta ci gaba, tana magana da ni daga ɗakin karatunta mai kwanciyar hankali da faɗi a British Columbia. "Amma ba na jin muna ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa don yin tunani sosai game da abin da ake nufi da wannan dukiya mai yawa da ake ƙaruwa, da abin da hakan ke yi a hankali. Wani ɓangare na sabon rashin kunya da muke gani shine kawai abin da ke faruwa lokacin da wannan adadin makaman kuɗi, kafofin watsa labarai, fasaha da soja suka taru a hannun wannan ƙaramin rukuni na mutane da ba a iya yi musu hisabi. Sun daina ƙoƙarin lallashe mu ta kowace hanya."
Klein tana da kwanciyar hankali da sha'awa yayin da take isar da wannan saƙon. Tana da dariya a shirye. Amma kuma, tana da irin wannan isar da marar damuwa, mai ƙarfafawa lokacin da na yi hira da ita a kan dandali a Manchester don Doppelgänger, littafinta na 2023 inda ta kwatanta yadda duniyar dijital ke lalata dangantakarmu da gaskiya, da juna. A 1999, lokacin da aka buga aikinta na farko No Logo, ta zama kamar mai tabbaci mai ban sha'awa, tana ɗan shekara 29, cewa neoliberalism yana haifar da lahani wanda ba mu iya ganin cikakken girman sa ba tukuna, amma duk da haka ta bayyana a tsakiya da farin ciki a duniya. Ko ta yaya tana iya kiyaye wannan hali, duk da cewa labarin da take bayarwa koyaushe yana da ban tsoro sosai.
End Times Fascism yana kwatanta duniyar da muke ciki, inda ake yin misali da sassan mulkin kama-karya a ko'ina da kake kallo: tattalin arzikin anarcho-libertarian a Argentina, lalata 'yancin jarida a Rasha, lalata cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya a Hungary (har sai da aka hambarar da Viktor Orbán), "neofascism na adawa da baƙi" a Italiya, amfani da asalin trans ta Jair Bolsonaro a Brazil, kyamar Islama a Indiya ta Modi. Amma wannan fascism ne da bambanci. Masu goyon bayansa suna son halaka, ko guguwar halaka masu alaƙa da canjin yanayi da rikicewar kuɗi, don hanzarta mu zuwa duniyar bayan dimokuradiyya inda wasu masu arziki kaɗan kawai za su tsira don samun wadata.
"Waɗannan al'amura ne da na daɗe ina bin su, yankin mai zaman kansa wanda ya samo asali daga firgici, daga bala'i, na gani lokacin da nake ba da rahoto daga Iraki."
Wannan littafin ya fara ne a matsayin labari a cikin Guardian, "wanda ya bazu sosai," in ji Klein. "Astra da ni mun san akwai ƙarin rahoto da za a yi, amma a matakin sirri, shin muna son yin shekara mai zuwa a cikin tunanin waɗannan mutane, a cikin waɗannan al'adu? Sai Astra ta ce, 'Ina cikin ramin zomo, zan saurari waɗannan mutanen ko ta yaya. Don haka zan iya jin kamar ina yin wani abu game da shi.' Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa shi ne littafi na farko da na rubuta tare da wani. Lokacin da kake zuwa wurare masu duhu, masu ban tsoro, yana da kyau ka kawo aboki." Astra Taylor ita ma marubuciya ce, mai fafutuka, kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Ta kafa Debt Collective, wani gwaji mai ban sha'awa na gina haɗin kai mai tsari, kusan na ƙungiyar ma'aikata game da bashi na sirri, tare da burin dogon lokaci na soke kuɗin karatun ɗalibai, mayar da kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, da gina ƙarfin masu haya. A cikin littafin, Klein da Taylor suna gabatar da mu ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, Kiristocin Sihiyona, da Kiristocin Ƙasa a Amurka waɗanda ke shirye-shiryen zuwan na biyu. Suna kwatanta "jihar da aka fake," marubutan suna danganta bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi, sojojin adawa da baƙi masu tsanani a matsayin ICE, da siyasar da aka gina kan alkawuran ƙarya da bayanan da ba daidai ba don zana hoton al'umma mai zafi, mai rarrabuwa wadda ba ta san abin da za ta yi imani ba. Amma ɓangaren da ya fi ban tsoro shine sashen da ya shafi attajiran fasaha. Masu arziki ƙwarai suna da mafarkin halaka nasu, wanda ba a gina kan imani ko akida ba amma kan kimantawa mai natsuwa da hankali na yadda za su fi kiyaye matsayinsu; da gaske sun fi son yin mulki a jahannama da raba a aljanna. Kuma suna da duk kuɗin da za su tabbatar sun isa can. "Waɗannan al'amura ne da na daɗe ina bin su," in ji Klein. "Yankin mai zaman kansa wanda ya samo asali daga firgici, daga bala'i, na gani lokacin da nake ba da rahoto daga Iraki. Akwai hoton Green Zone, wannan Emerald City da Amurka ke tafiyar da ita a tsakiyar Baghdad, wanda Halliburton da duk waɗannan masu kwangila masu zaman kansu suka gina, tare da ikon nada mataimakin sarki. A sassan ƙarshe na The Shock Doctrine [2007], na yi magana game da yadda waɗannan masu kwangila suka ƙaura [daga Iraki] zuwa Hurricane Katrina, da ra'ayin cewa waɗannan bala'o'in yanayi sune gaba na girma na gaba. Masu ba da rahoto sun fara kiran New Orleans 'Baghdad on the Bayou.' Ƙungiyar duk tana nan, akwai Halliburton, akwai Bechtel, akwai Blackwater." Amma, kuma ba za ta iya jaddada wannan sosai ba, duk da cewa yana da amfani sanin tarihin kwanan nan na waɗannan al'amura, bai kamata ka sami ta'aziyya daga ra'ayin cewa ka riga ka ga komai ba. "Na sami hoton karkace yana da amfani sosai, game da yadda za a fahimci gaskiyar cewa zamaninmu ya saba kuma ya bambanta," in ji Klein. "Abin da ke game da karkace shine cewa kana zagayawa, amma ba kana zuwa wuri ɗaya ba. Idan karkacen yana nuni zuwa ƙasa, yana da zurfi, yana da matsewa, yana ɗaukar sauri mai yawa, yana ɗaukar ƙarfi mai yawa, yana ɗaukar zafi mai yawa, yana ɗaukar tashin hankali mai yawa." Hoton yana da wakoki kuma yana da matuƙar ban tsoro. Tana ba da ɗan ƙarfafa ɗabi'a, kamar wanda ke ba ka yanki na lemu a hanyarka zuwa yankin yaƙi. "Za ka iya juya karkace - yana fita waje, karkacen sararin samaniya ne." A halin da muke ciki yanzu, lokacin da rikice-rikice da bala'o'i ke faruwa akai-akai har muna cikin yanayin ruɗani da firgici na dindindin, yanayin da ake ciki ba ya tsayawa, koyaushe yana ƙara muni. "Akwai wannan sha'awar karanta tarihi," in ji Klein. "Mun gan shi akai-akai. Bayan 9/11, mutane ba zato ba tsammani suna karanta littattafan tarihi game da Afghanistan da Iraki, Chomsky, suna ƙoƙarin samun fahimtar kansu. Mun sake gan shi a lokacin annobar, mutane suna karanta game da annoba na baya. Amma akwai tarko a cikin yin imani cewa komai ya faru a baya, cewa babu tasirin tarihi mai tarawa. Bayan an sake zaɓen Donald Trump, zan faɗa maka gaskiya, tallace-tallacen Shock Doctrine ya haukace. Mutane suna cewa, 'Yayi daidai kamar yadda ka ce,' kuma ina tunani, 'Ba na jin haka yake.'"
"Tauraron dan adam na Musk suna rarrafe a sararin sama, kuma yana son ƙari. Wanene ya ce zai iya? Wanene ya ba shi wannan haƙƙin?"
Zamanin neoliberal - don taƙaitawa bari mu kira shi lokacin tsakanin ƙarshen yaƙin sanyi da Covid - ya kasance "jari-hujja kwance a kan gado cikin wando, yana cewa 'me za ka yi, ka cece ni?' A Yaƙin Sanyi, ko da ƙaramin gasa ya yi babban bambanci - amma bayan Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, wannan gasar ta ɓace, kuma jari-hujja ta daina ƙoƙari." Duk da haka, kasancewa mai arziki ƙwarai a wancan lokacin yana da rauni: ko ka sami dukiyarka ta hanyar siyasar mai zaman kanta a Amurka ko Turai, ko ta hanyar sauri, mafi cin hanci a tsoffin jihohin gurguzu, a bayyane yake cewa ka ɗauki dukiyar jama'a. "Don haka za su shirya waɗannan al'adu na lallashi, ko a Davos ko Aspen, ko TED, ko Clinton Global Initiative. Za su ce, 'Za mu warkar da marasa lafiya, kuma za mu ba da kuɗin makarantunku ta wannan sabuwar hanya mai ban sha'awa, kada ku damu da mu. Kada ku ji tsoron dukiyarmu. Wannan sabuwar hanya ce ta rarraba don amfanin jama'a.'"
Ina tuna wannan duniyar sosai: manyan tarurruka kamar kyaututtukan Skoll Foundation, inda ake ba wa 'yan jarida abinci da shaye-shaye yayin da suke kallon mutane masu arziki ƙwarai suna ba da kyaututtukan £20,000 ga ƙungiyoyin ruwa mai tsabta na tushe a Kenya. Don yin adalci, a zamanin kafin da kai tsaye bayan faɗuwar kuɗi, akwai muryoyin adawa da yawa game da alherin jari-hujja da ke magance matsaloli masu wuya kamar rashin daidaito. Mutane da yawa, tare da Klein a gaba, sun nuna cewa yana da ƙanshin zamba. Amma yayin da muke wannan tattaunawa, ajandar dukiya ta ci gaba.
A shirye-shiryen zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2024, a Faena Hotel a Miami, Peter Thiel ya shirya tattaunawa mai taken "maƙiyi," yana ambaton manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa, "ka'idojin rigakafi," da "alhakin zamantakewa" a matsayin waɗannan maƙiyan, tare da bikin tufafi mai taken "ƙwallon halaka." Wasu daga cikin tufafin, in ji Klein da Taylor, sun kasance "likitan eugenics"; "mai dafa abinci ɗan Haiti da abin wasan yara na cat mai jini a rataye a cikin apron ɗinsa [nuni ga ƙaryar cin dabbobin gida na baƙi na Springfield, wanda ya bazu a 2024, wanda Trump da JD Vance suka maimaita]; ma'aurata sanye da pagers a matsayin abin dariya game da harin kisan kai na Isra'ila a Lebanon."
Duba hoto a cikakken allo
Naomi Klein da Astra Taylor. Hoto: naomiklein.substack.com
Thiel ya kasance mai adawa da dimokuradiyya a fili tsawon shekaru, yana rubutu a 2009, "Ba na ƙara yin imani cewa 'yanci da dimokuradiyya sun dace." Amma wasu attajiran fasaha sun juya gaba ɗaya. "Jeff Bezos ya sake suna filin wasa a Seattle Climate Pledge Arena, kuma ya ba da kyaututtukan Duniya," in ji Klein. Elon Musk ya saka jari a cikin motocin lantarki kuma ya taɓa ganin kansa a matsayin mai ceto. "Duk lokacin da wani ya sami matsala, Musk zai ruga don cetonsa, 'Zan ceci Puerto Rico,' 'Zan ceci yaran da suka makale a cikin ma'adanan.' Yana da daɗi zama jarumi, ko? Amma idan za ka zama jarumi, ya kamata a bauta maka. Kuma mutane sun daina bauta musu." Yanzu, alkawuran yanayi sun tafi, an maye gurbinsu da nihilism da aka yi game da hana rikicin yanayi, tare da ƙudurin gina ƙarin cibiyoyin bayanai. "Ba muna hulɗa da wawaye waɗanda ba su fahimci canjin yanayi ba," in ji Klein. "Muna hulɗa da mutane waɗanda suka san sarai abin da ake nufi da haɗa turbines na gas 35 a Memphis." (Yana nufin amfani da makamashi da ruwa mai girma, da kuma lalata ingancin iska da sauti a kusa, duk don Musk ya ba da wutar Grok, samfurinsa na harshe mai girma na Nazi lokaci-lokaci.)
Saurin da attajiran da a baya suka karkata ga Democrat suka faɗa bayan Trump a 2024 ya kasance mai ban mamaki. "Ba na jin cewa lokacin Mark Zuckerberg na nuna cewa yana damuwa sosai da dimokuradiyya da canjin yanayi gaskiya ne," in ji Klein. "Yana sake haifuwa a matsayin duk abin da ke da amfani ga kasuwancinsa. Mutane kamar Thiel da Musk, inda akwai ainihin akida, sun fi sauƙin fahimta fiye da mutane kamar Bezos da Zuckerberg, inda da gaske yake jin kamar babu wani abu a can, su mutane ne marasa sha'awa waɗanda suka zama masu arziki ƙwarai." Tana da ɗan sha'awa game da haɗin abubuwan da suka haifar da waɗannan maza, da yawa daga cikinsu an siffanta su da haɓakar dotcom, lokacin da ake bauta musu a matsayin alloli kuma an nuna su a kan murfin mujallar Time a kan kujerun sarauta na zinariya. Akwai wani ɓangare na fushin girman kai, jin cewa ba mu nuna godiya sosai ba. A ƙarshe, duk da haka, "mun ƙarasa littafin da kammalawa cewa dukiya tana da tasirin da ke haifar da hauka. Kusan babu makawa tana mayar da kai mai fifiko saboda mutane halittu ne na labari kuma kana buƙatar labari don ba da hujja, me ya sa kai? Me ya sa kake da yawa a lokacin da ake buƙata da buƙata mai yawa? Kuma kawai labarin da zai yiwu shine cewa akwai wani abu game da kai da ke tabbatar da hakan."Akwai sabon ingancin tsokana ga maganganun masu arziki ƙwarai - eugenics bayyananne da kyamar Islama, jin daɗin gaske game da yiwuwar AI ya shafe ayyukanmu. Kusan yana jin kamar suna ƙalubalantar mu mu yi tawaye, kawai don su tabbatar da cewa tawaye ba shi da amfani.A kan haka, duk da haka, Klein ba za ta yarda ba. Ba ya wuce hanyoyinmu na gama gari don gina ƙungiyar kwance damarar dukiya, ko ƙungiyar kwance damarar fasaha. Tana nuni ga 'yan'uwan Pearson, KeShaun da Justin, suna yaƙi da cibiyar bayanai ta Colossus 2 ta Musk a Memphis: "yadda suke sane-sane da gina gwagwarmayarsu a cikin tarihin ƙungiyar 'yancin ɗan adam, da ƙungiyar adalcin muhalli a Memphis, tun daga tsoffin bayi waɗanda suka gina Boxtown. Nan ne aka kashe MLK, an kashe shi bayan ya yi tafiya tare da ma'aikatan tsafta a Memphis." KeShaun Pearson yana jagorantar Memphis Community Against Pollution, wanda ya sami manyan nasarori kan bututun mai, sakin sinadarai masu cutar kansa a masana'antu, kuma yanzu yana tattara ƙarfi kan cibiyoyin bayanai. Justin yana takara don Majalisa.A cikin End Times Fascism, Klein da Taylor suna ɗaga ra'ayin Walter Benjamin "jetztzeit", a zahiri "lokacin yanzu", lokaci mai cike da ruhu, gaggawar juyin juya hali wanda ke tattara ƙarfin duk ƙungiyoyin da suka gabata. Bugu da ƙari, yana da wakoki, amma kuma a zahiri, ana iya gani. Idan muna son adawa da wannan sabon nau'in fascist, dole ne mu yi sauri. "Ba na yawan amfani da wannan harshe, ina ƙoƙarin zama mai auna, amma ina jin na cancanci ƙara," in ji ta. "Lokacin da muke ciki, mutane suna fushi sosai kuma duk yadda ka fusata, bai isa ba. Saboda akwai wani abu mai zurfi game da daina yin imani da gaba, game da ganin babu daraja a gidanmu na gama gari, a duniyar halitta. Maciya amana ne ga halitta."Klein ba ta buƙatar dalilan yaƙi. "Na zaɓi in zauna kusa da yanayi a wani yanki mai daji a British Columbia," in ji ta. "A cikin dare mai duhu, bargo ne na taurari. Kuma yanzu muna ganin da yawa daga abin da nake kira kwari na sararin samaniya na Elon [tauraron dan adam na Starlink] suna rarrafe a sararin sama. Yana son ƙara hakan sau ɗari. Wanene ya ce zai iya? Wanene ya ba shi wannan haƙƙin? Wannan wuri ne da nake samun fushina. Ina yin fushi sosai game da taurari. Ina yin fushi sosai game da orcas. Ina yin fushi sosai game da Gaza. Wasu za su sami fushinsu a wani wuri. Dole ne mu sami wuraren ƙaunarmu mafi zurfi kuma mu yi yaƙi sosai." End Times Fascism na Naomi Klein da Astra Taylor an buga shi ta Allen Lane a 15 Satumba. Don tallafa wa Guardian, yi oda kwafinka a guardianbookshop.com. Ana iya amfani da kuɗin bayarwa.
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
FAQs Naomi Klein kan Tsananin Dukiya Tsananin dukiya yana haifar da hauka Yana mayar da kai mai fifiko
1 Menene wannan maganar da gaske take magana akai
Hujjar Naomi Klein ce cewa samun tsananin dukiya ba kawai yana ba ka ƙarin kuɗi ba - yana canza yadda kake ganin sauran mutane. Za ka fara yin imani cewa ka fi waɗanda ba su da yawa.
2 Wanene Naomi Klein
Marubuciya 'yar Kanada, 'yar jarida kuma mai fafutuka. Ta rubuta manyan littattafai kamar No Logo, The Shock Doctrine da This Changes Everything wanda ya mayar da hankali kan jari-hujja, ikon kamfanoni da adalcin yanayi.
3 A ina ta faɗi wannan
Ta yi irin wannan hujja a cikin hirarraki da jawabai musamman a kusa da littafinta na 2023 Doppelganger wanda ke bincika yadda dukiya da matsayi ke gurbata tunanin mutane.
4 Me take nufi da hauka
Ba a zahiri hauka ba - tana nufin dukiya tana gurbata hukuncinka. Yana lalata ma'anar gaskiyarka, ɗabi'arka da darajar sauran mutane.
5 Me ake nufi da mai fifiko a nan
Wanda ya yi imani cewa a zahiri ya fi wasu. Klein tana jayayya cewa tsananin dukiya yana haifar da wannan tunani - imani cewa masu arziki sun cancanci matsayinsu kuma talakawa sun cancanci nasu.
6 Shin tana cewa duk masu arziki masu fifiko ne
A'a. Tana kwatanta ɗabi'a - tasirin tunani da zamantakewa na tsananin dukiya ba ka'ida game da kowane mutum ba.
7 Me ya sa kuɗi zai canza imanin wani
Saboda dukiya tana saya wa kai kaɗaici, girmamawa da iko. Lokacin da kowa ya yarda da kai kuma an magance matsalolinka da kuɗi za ka iya rasa tausayi kuma ka fara kuskuren sa'a da fifiko.
8 Menene fa'idar wannan hujja
Hujjar kanta gargadi ce ba fa'ida ba. Darajarta ita ce sani - fahimtar yadda tsananin rashin daidaito ke lalata masu arziki ma ba kawai kowa ba.
9 Waɗanne matsaloli na gama gari take danganta da wannan
Attajirai suna tsara siyasa don kare dukiyarsu
Gujewa haraji da raunana ayyukan jama'a
Al'adar da ke bauta wa masu arziki
Masu arziki suna rasa dangantaka da rayuwar yau da kullum
10 Za ka iya ba da misali na gaske
Ka yi tunanin attajirai waɗanda ke fafutukar adawa da haraji kan masu arziki yayin da suke amfani da kayan more rayuwa na jama'a ko mashahuran fasaha waɗanda ke magana game da ceton bil'adama yayin da suke ɗaukar ma'aikata a matsayin abin zubarwa
