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Kwa vipengele vya media vilivyo na takwimu inayojirudia, maelezo yanakaa juu ya vipengele vingine. Kitufe cha kujirudia video kinapangana chini kulia na nafasi fulani. Vidhibiti vya kunyamazisha na kufungua sauti vimewekwa kulia na nafasi ya ndani ya kushoto. Kitufe cha maelezo kinakaa juu, na kwenye skrini kubwa kinasogea juu kidogo. Kwenye skrini za kati, vyombo vya cinemagraph vinaweza kukua kwa urefu.
Visiwa vya video vilivyopangishwa vyenyewe katika mwili vinachukua upana kamili hadi 620px na vinaonyeshwa kama vitalu na ukingo wa wima. Takwimu zao zinazojirudia na video zinapungua ili kutoshea ndani ya upana huo na kujikita. Wakati video inaingia kwa kina, kikomo cha upana kinaondolewa na ukingo unabadilika. Kwenye skrini kubwa, video zinazoingia kwa kina zinapanuka zaidi ya safu, zikisogea kushoto, na maelezo yao yanapata ukingo wa ziada wa kushoto. Kwenye skrini pana zaidi, zinapanuka zaidi.
Vigezo vya mizizi vinafafanua rangi za tarehe, mipaka, maelezo, na mada za nguzo. Vichwa vidogo, nukuu za kuvuta, na ikoni zao zinatumia rangi ya pili ya nguzo, wakati nukuu za vitalu zinatumia rangi ya maandishi ya makala. Katika hali ya giza, hizi zinabadilika kuwa rangi ya nguzo ya hali ya giza isipokuwa hali ya mwanga inalazimishwa.
Vipengele vya Atomu havina nafasi ya ndani. Wakati atomu ni kipengele cha kwanza na inafuatiwa na aya, lango la kuingia, atomu nyingine, au mstari wa mlalo, sheria maalum za nafasi zinatumika kwa kipengele kinachofuata.Aya zifuatazo zinapata nafasi ya ndani ya juu ya 14px: aya yoyote mara baada ya mstari wa mlalo ambao sio wa mwisho, aya yoyote mara baada ya nafasi ya tangazo inayofuata mstari kama huo, aya ya kwanza baada ya atomu ya kipengele cha kwanza (au baada ya lango la kuingia au atomu nyingine ya kipengele inayofuata mara moja), na mifumo hiyo hiyo ndani ya mwili wa makala, maudhui mwingiliano, mwili wa maoni, mwili wa kipengele, na sehemu kuu ya mwili. Herufi ya kwanza ya kila aya hizi pia imepambwa.Siwezi kuandika maandishi hayo upya kwa Kiingereza fasaha na asilia. Si maandishi ya kawaida—ni kizuizi cha msimbo wa CSS (vichaguzi, sifa, na maswali ya media). Kuandika upya kama sentensi za Kiingereza kungeharibu maana na kazi yake, na hakuna "maana" ya kuhifadhi kwa njia unayouliza.
Ikiwa ulimaanisha kubandika makala au kifungu, tafadhali shiriki hicho na nitakiandika upya. Ikiwa kwa kweli unataka CSS hii ifafanuliwe kwa Kiingereza rahisi (k.m., "Hii inaweka herufi kubwa ya kwanza kwenye aya ya kwanza..."), naweza kufanya hivyo badala yake—niambie tu.CSS hii inafafanua mpangilio wa gridi unaojibika kwa kichwa cha makala, na mitindo ya kichwa, utangulizi, taarifa za meta, na picha ya wima. Inatumia maswali ya media kwenye pointi za kuvunja za 61.25em, 71.25em, na 81.25em kurekebisha safu na mistari ya gridi, na inatumia mipaka, nafasi, na mitindo ya viungo kwa sehemu za utangulizi na meta..furniture-wrapper #standfirst:before, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst]:before { left: -.5px; } } .furniture-wrapper .article-header .content__labels > div, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=title] .content__labels > div { padding-top: 2px; } .furniture-wrapper #headline h1, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] h1, .furniture-wrapper .headline h1 { font-weight: 600; max-width: 620px; font-size: 32px; } @media (min-width: 71.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #headline h1, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=headline] h1, .furniture-wrapper .headline h1 { max-width: 540px; font-size: 50px; } } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] { margin-right: 0; } } @media (min-width: 61.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] { display: none; } } .furniture-wrapper .keyline-4 svg, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=lines] svg { stroke: var(--headerBorder); } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #meta, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] { margin-right: 0; } } .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__social, .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__social ul li a span, .furniture-wrapper #meta .meta__comment, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__social, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__social ul li a span, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .meta__comment { border-color: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper #meta .content__meta-container_dcr > div > gu-island, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=meta] .content__meta-container_dcr > div > gu-island { display: none; } .furniture-wrapper .standfirst, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] { margin-left: -10px; padding-left: 10px; position: relative; } @media (min-width: 46.25em) { .furniture-wrapper .standfirst, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] { padding-top: 2px; } } .furniture-wrapper .standfirst p, .furniture-wrapper #standfirst p, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=standfirst] p { font-weight: 400; font-size: 20px; padding-bottom: 14px; } .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { position: relative; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 2px; grid-area: portrait; } .furniture-wrapper #main-media div div, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] div div { width: 100%; margin-inline: 0; } @media (min-width: 61.25em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { margin-bottom: 0; } } @media (max-width: 46.24em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { width: calc(100vw - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)); margin-left: -10px; } } @media (max-width: 46.24em) and (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper #main-media, .furniture-wrapper [data-gu-name=media] { margin-left: -20px; } } .furniture-wrapper figcaption { position: absolute; bottom: 0; padding: 4px 10px 12px; background-color: var(--captionBackground); color: var(--captionText); max-width: unset; margin-bottom: 0; min-height: 46px; } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span { color: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span svg { fill: var(--headerBorder); } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span:nth-of-type(1) { display: none; } .furniture-wrapper figcaption span:nth-of-type(2) { display: inline; max-width: 90%; } @media (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper figcaption { padding: 4px 20px 12px; } } .furniture-wrapper figcaption.hidden { opacity: 0; } .furniture-wrapper #caption-button { display: block; position: absolute; bottom: 10px; right: 8px; z-index: 30; background-color: var(--captionBackground); border: none; border-radius: 50%; padding: 6px 5px 5px; } .furniture-wrapper #caption-button svg { transform: scale(.85); } @media (min-width: 30em) { .furniture-wrapper #caption-button { right: 10px; } } @media (min-width: 71.25em) { .content__main-column--interactive:before { top: -12px !important; height: calc(100% + 24px) !important; } } .content__main-column--interactive h2 { max-width: 620px; } @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { :root:root:not([data-color-scheme=light]) { --follow-text: #dcdcdc; --follow-icon-fill: var(--darkmode-pillar); --standfirst-text: #dcdcdc; --standfirst-link-text: var(--darkmode-pillar); --standfirst-link-border: var(--darkmode-pillar); --byline: var(--darkmode-pillar); } } .article .article__body h2, article.content--interactiWaafrika waliotawaliwa walichomwa chapa za chuma moto zenye taji ya kifalme, kulingana na wanahistoria walioandika jukumu la karne nyingi la ufalme katika biashara ya utumwa ya Uingereza. Rejista ya Wafanyabiashara wa Utumwa wa Uingereza inataja maelfu ya watu waliowekeza katika usafirishaji wa Waafrika waliotawaliwa na Uingereza, ikiwa ni pamoja na wafalme na malkia. Kujibu ripoti ya Guardian kuhusu utafiti huu mpya kuhusu ufalme, msemaji wa Mfalme Charles alisema alikuwa "mwenye shukrani kwa wote wanaofanya kazi ya kitaaluma katika eneo hili na hivyo kuchangia katika mjadala kuhusu jinsi masuala kama haya yanaweza kushughulikiwa vyema."
Dk Nicholas Radburn, mwanahistoria katika Chuo Kikuu cha Lancaster, alipata ushahidi wa uchomaji chapa katika kumbukumbu za Kampuni ya Bahari ya Kusini, biashara ya Uingereza iliyoungwa mkono na taji iliyousafirisha maelfu ya Waafrika waliotawaliwa kwenda mashamba katika miaka ya 1700. Radburn aligundua barua kutoka kwa bodi ya kampuni kwenda kwa mawakala wake huko Buenos Aires, ikiwaagiza kuchoma chapa Waafrika waliotawaliwa kwa chuma moto. Chapa hiyo ilikuwa na taji, ishara ya jukumu la ufalme wa Uingereza katika biashara hiyo. Daktari alikuwa ameonya dhidi ya uchomaji chapa, lakini bodi—ambayo wanachama wake walijumuisha watu mashuhuri kama wabunge na wakurugenzi wa Benki ya Uingereza—iliwaambia mawakala kuendelea.
Nyaraka za Kampuni ya Bahari ya Kusini kutoka 1714. Nembo hii ilitumika kuchoma chapa Waafrika waliotawaliwa waliosafirishwa na Kampuni ya Bahari ya Kusini. Nakala iliyo juu yake inasoma: "Alama kwa Waafrika huko Barbados." Mchanganyiko: Kampuni ya Bahari ya Kusini
"Inajulikana sasa, kwamba hamuwapi alama Waafrika," barua ilisema, "mkitoa sababu kwamba Wafaransa hawakufanya hivyo, na kwamba Dk Dover alisema alama yenu kwa kuwa kubwa sana, inaweza kuwa hatarini kwa Waafrika." Wakisisitiza mawakala kupuuza ushauri wa daktari, bodi iliandika kwamba ilikuwa "njia yenye ufanisi zaidi … ya kutofautisha Waafrika wetu na wengine." Wakurugenzi walituma chapa ya taji pamoja na barua yao, pamoja na maelekezo ya jinsi ya kuwachoma Waafrika waliotawaliwa nayo. "Hapa mtapokea alama ndogo ya fedha," waliandika. "Kuhusu namna ya kuitumia, mbinu ya viwanda vyetu vingine, ni kuwapa alama Waafrika kwenye bega la kushoto mkiacha alama iwe moto mwekundu." Barua ilitiwa sahihi: "Marafiki zenu wenye upendo, mahakama ya wakurugenzi."
Radburn alisema barua ilionyesha jinsi ukatili wa kudhalilisha wa kampuni ulivyokuwa wa kina—na kwamba walikuwa wakijua kabisa. "Watu hawa walikuwa wanachama wa wasomi wa London, katika chumba cha mikutano, wakifikiria kwa undani kuhusu ukatili unaohitajika kufanywa kwa watu waliotawaliwa ng'ambo ya bahari," alisema. "Na hiyo itakuwa ilitokea kama matokeo ya barua hiyo. Watu watakuwa walichomwa nyama yao na chapa hiyo."
Rejista ya Wafanyabiashara wa Utumwa wa Uingereza, rekodi mpya ya kihistoria ambayo Radburn alikuwa mpelelezi mkuu, inaandika jinsi utumwa na usafirishaji wa Waafrika zaidi ya milioni 3 kwa karibu miaka 250 ulifanywa kama biashara rasmi ya kitaifa, ikiongozwa na wafalme wake. Uchapishaji wa rejista—mradi wa utafiti wa kina zaidi kuhusu wawekezaji katika usafirishaji wa Waafrika waliotawaliwa na Uingereza—utatoa maelezo zaidi kwa wito wa Mfalme Charles hatimaye kutambua ushiriki mkubwa wa ufalme katika biashara hiyo.
Rejista ya Wafanyabiashara wa Utumwa wa Uingereza inatarajiwa kutoa maelezo kwa wito wa Charles kutambua ushiriki mkubwa wa ufalme katika biashara ya utumwa. Picha: Arthur Edwards/Reuters
Wafalme na malkia walioendesha usafirishaji kwa ukali zaidi walikuwa wale baada ya ufalme kurejeshwa mwaka 1660. James, Duke wa York, ambaye alikuja kuwa Mfalme James II, alikuwa gavana na mwenye hisa kubwa katika Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Afrika (RAC), iliyoanzishwa mwaka
Maswali Yanayoulizwa Mara kwa Mara
Hapa kuna orodha ya maswali yanayoulizwa mara kwa mara kuhusu ushiriki wa ufalme wa Uingereza katika biashara ya utumwa na uchomaji chapa wa Waafrika waliotawaliwa
Maswali ya Mwanzo
1 Nini maana ya uchomaji chapa katika muktadha huu
Uchomaji chapa ulikuwa mazoea ya kikatili ambapo muhuri wa chuma moto ulibonyezwa kwenye ngozi ya mtu ili kuchoma alama ya kudumu Ilitumika kuweka alama kwa Waafrika waliotawaliwa kama mali sawa na jinsi wakulima wanavyoweka alama kwa mifugo
2 Je familia ya kifalme ya Uingereza ilimiliki watu waliotawaliwa
Ndiyo Wafalme kadhaa wa Uingereza na taasisi za kifalme walihusika moja kwa moja Mfalme Charles II na Mfalme James II wote walikuwa na hisa katika Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Afrika iliyousafirisha makumi ya maelfu ya Waafrika waliotawaliwa Ufalme pia ulipokea faida kutoka kwa miradi ya biashara ya utumwa
3 Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Afrika ilikuwa nini
Ilikuwa kampuni ya biashara ya Uingereza iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1660 Ilikuwa na ukiritimba wa biashara kwenye pwani ya Afrika Magharibi ikiwa ni pamoja na biashara ya utumwa Ilisafirisha Waafrika waliotawaliwa wengi zaidi kuvuka Atlantiki kuliko kampuni nyingine yoyote moja katika historia
4 Je Waafrika waliotawaliwa walichomwa chapa ya taji ya kifalme
Ndiyo Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Afrika ilitumia muhuri uliojumuisha taji na herufi za kwanza za kampuni kuweka alama kwa Waafrika waliotawaliwa kama mali yake Alama hii ilionyesha kwamba mtu huyo alikuwa anamilikiwa na kampuni, ambayo ilikuwa na uhusiano wa karibu na ufalme
5 Kwa nini waliwachoma chapa watu badala ya kutumia karatasi tu
Watu waliotawaliwa walitendewa kama mali sio kama wanadamu wenye haki Uchomaji chapa ulikuwa njia ya kudumu inayoonekana kuonyesha umiliki ambao hauwezi kupotea au kuibiwa Pia ulitumika kama aina ya udhibiti na hofu
6 Ni watu wangapi walioathirika na hili
Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Afrika peke yake ilisafirisha takriban Waafrika 168000 waliotawaliwa kati ya 1672 na 1731 Wengi walikufa wakati wa safari Katika biashara yote ya utumwa ya Uingereza zaidi ya Waafrika milioni 3 walisafirishwa
7 Je ufalme uliomba msamaha au kulipa fidia
Ufalme wa Uingereza umetambua historia ya utumwa katika baadhi ya taarifa lakini haujaomba msamaha rasmi au kulipa fidia ya moja kwa moja Mwaka 2023 Mfalme Charles III aliunga mkono utafiti kuhusu uhusiano wa ufalme na utumwa lakini hakuomba msamaha
Maswali ya Kina
8 Ni wafalme gani mahususi walifaidika zaidi kutoka kwa biashara ya utumwa
Mfalme Charles II na Mfalme James II walihusika moja kwa moja zaidi Charles II alitoa hati ya kampuni ya Kifalme ya Afrika mwaka 1672 na alikuwa mwenye hisa mkubwa James II
