Turai ta Yamma ta yi watan Yuni mafi zafi a tarihi, in ji masana kimiyya, yayin da Burtaniya ta shiga zafin rana na uku a wannan shekara kuma gobarar daji ta mamaye Faransa da Spain.
Zafin rana mai kisa na watan Yuni, wanda gurɓataccen carbon ya ƙara muni, ya tura yanayin zafin iska a yankin sama da matsakaicin shekarun baya-bayan nan da digiri 3.06, a cewar hukumar kula da yanayi ta EU, Copernicus.
[Hoto: Hayaki na tashi daga gobarar daji a Pouzols-Minervois, kudu maso yammacin Faransa. Hoton: Idriss Bigou-Gilles/AFP/Getty Images]
A duniya baki ɗaya, watan Yuni 2026 ya fi zafi da digiri 0.56 fiye da matsakaicin 1991-2020 kuma ya fi zafi da digiri 1.39 fiye da matakan masana'antu, wanda ya sa ya zama watan Yuni na biyu mafi zafi a tarihi, in ji hukumar. Tekunan duniya sun fi zafi fiye da yadda masana kimiyya suka taɓa gani.
"Tare, waɗannan bayanan suna nuna tsarin yanayi da ke ci gaba da tara zafi," in ji Samantha Burgess, masaniyar yanayi a Copernicus. "Sakamakon shi ne zafin rana mai ƙarfi, teku mai dumi mai dorewa, da haɗari masu girma ga mutane, halittu, da ababen more rayuwa."
[Jadawali: Yanayin zafin watan Yuni]
Turai ta Yamma yanzu tana fuskantar zafin rana na uku a cikin makonni shida, kuma bushewar da ta yadu tana mayar da ƙananan gobarar daji zuwa gobara marasa iya sarrafawa. Copernicus ya ce jerin zafin rana na nuna "ƙalubalen da ke ƙaruwa" na matsanancin zafi.
A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, manyan gobara sun lalata manyan yankuna na kudancin Turai, wanda ya tura EU ta aika da masu kashe gobara da jiragen ruwa masu zubar da ruwa don taimakawa ayyukan ƙasa da suka mamaye da gobara da yawa a lokaci guda. Bayanan da aka fitar ranar Talata sun nuna cewa gobarar daji ta EU ta ƙone ƙasa fiye da yadda aka saba da kashi 56%.
Yankin da ya ƙone a Faransa ya ninka matsakaicin wannan lokaci na shekara sau huɗu, tare da lalata hekta 35,400 (kadada 87,474). A Spain, ya ninka matsakaicin, tare da ƙone hekta 55,128 (kadada 136,224), a cewar Tsarin Bayanin Gobarar Daji ta Turai.
[Jadawali: Gobarar daji ta Faransa]
[Jadawali: Gobarar daji ta Spain]
Barcelona ta kafa sabon rikodin zafi ranar Laraba tare da yanayin zafi ya kai 40.5°C, in ji masana yanayi na Spain. A Faransa, wani ma'aikacin kashe gobara mai shekaru 22 ya mutu bayan yaƙi da gobara a tsaunukan Alps, in ji ma'aikatar cikin gida ta Faransa.
A Burtaniya, inda masana kimiyya na Met Office suka yi gargadin ranar Laraba cewa tekuna suna fuskantar "matsanancin" zafin rana na teku, ana sa ran yanayin zafin rana a ƙasa zai kai 34°C ranar Alhamis. Duk da cewa ba ya da zafi kamar zafin rana mai rikodin watan Yuni, ana sa ran yanayin zafi zai ci gaba har tsawon kwanaki 10 masu zafi.
Met Office ta ce wani muhimmin fasalin zafin rana na watan jiya shi ne "yanayin zafi na musamman" a cikin dare, tare da dare masu zafi akai-akai wanda ya taimaka wajen haifar da matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin watan Yuni a tarihi. Ranar Talata, wani bincike ya gano cewa hakan ya haifar da "rashin barci mai yawa," inda mutane biyu cikin uku ke fama da barci.
"Don ganin yanayin zafi irin wannan a Burtaniya a watan Yuni abin ban tsoro ne," in ji Stephen Belcher, babban masanin kimiyya na Met Office. "Abubuwa irin wannan suna nuna tasirin canjin yanayi."
[Hoto: Zanga-zangar yanayi a gaban Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 2 ga Yuli. Hoton: Guy Bell/Shutterstock]
Majalisar Shugabannin Kashe Gobara ta Burtaniya (NFCC) ta gargadi mutane ranar Laraba da su kula sosai a waje yayin da zafin rana ke ƙara haɗarin gobarar daji mai saurin yaduwa. Ayyukan kashe gobara sun amsa gobarar daji da yawa a kudanci da gabashin Ingila a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata.
"Yawancin gobarar daji tana farawa ne saboda wani abu ya haifar da tartsatsin wuta: barbecue da aka bari a baya, sigari da aka jefa, ko ma kwalban gilashi da aka bari a rana," in ji Dave Swallow, mai ba da shawara na dabara a NFCC. "Dukkanmu muna da rawar da za mu taka wajen hana su."
Zafin rana ya yi zafi da ƙarfi yayin da gurɓataccen man fetur da lalata yanayi suka dumama duniya. Masana kimiyya suna roƙon saurin canzawa zuwa tattalin arziki mai tsabta. Tattalin arzikin kuma yana buƙatar daidaitawa da matsanancin yanayi mai tsanani. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun mutu daga zafi a Turai a cikin shekaru huɗu da suka gabata, kuma ta ce yawancin waɗannan mutuwar "ana iya hana su gaba ɗaya." Don ceton rayuka, masana suna ba da shawarar shigar da na'urorin sanyaya iska ga ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, inuwar gine-gine da rumfuna da rufin waje, kafa cibiyoyin sanyaya, da ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya.
Inuwa daga bishiyoyin birni na iya sanya unguwanni su yi sanyi sosai a lokacin zafi, amma sabon bincike ya nuna Burtaniya tana da nisa a bayan sauran ƙasashen Turai. A cewar Cibiyar Makamashi da Hankalin Yanayi (ECIU), matsakaicin yankin birni na Burtaniya yana da kashi 18% na rufin bishiya, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin birnin Turai na kusan kashi 30%. Daga cikin biranen Burtaniya 47 da yankunan birni a cikin bayanan, 45 sun faɗi ƙasa da matsakaicin Turai.
London tana da matsakaicin rufin bishiya na Burtaniya a kashi 18%, tare da Burnley mafi ƙarancin kore a kashi 11% kuma Guildford mafi yawan inuwa a kashi 37%. Idan aka kwatanta, Barcelona tana da kashi 31% na rufin bishiya kuma Nice tana da kashi 39%. Dangane da bayanan 2018, Burtaniya ta kasance ta 31 a cikin ƙasashe 38 gaba ɗaya.
Binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya a baya ya nuna cewa mafi ƙarancin matakan inuwar bishiya ana samun su a cikin unguwanni mafi talauci, kuma yankunan da ke da yawan bishiyoyi sun fi sanyi har zuwa 4°C a lokacin zafin rana.
"Dasa bishiyoyi na iya taimakawa rage yanayin zafi a cikin gine-ginen da suke inuwa a kan lokaci, kuma ya ba wa mutane masu rauni begen barin gidajensu zuwa yanayi marasa haɗari don yin abubuwa kamar siyayya da ziyartar likita," in ji Tom Cantillon, manazarci a ECIU. "Burtaniya tana da nisa a baya."
**Tambayoyin da Aka Yi Yawa**
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da zafin rana mai rikodin watan Yuni a Turai ta Yamma da aka rubuta cikin yanayi na halitta tare da amsoshi masu sauƙi.
**Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko**
1. **Shin gaskiya ne cewa Turai ta Yamma ta yi watan Yuni mafi zafi a tarihi?**
Ee, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa watan Yuni 2024 shine watan Yuni mafi zafi a tarihi a yankin, wanda ya karya rikodin da aka kafa a shekarun baya-bayan nan.
2. **Yaya zafi ya kai a zahiri?**
Yanayin zafi a yankuna da yawa kamar Faransa, Spain, da Jamus ya haura 35°C akai-akai. Wasu wurare sun kai 40°C ko sama da haka, wanda ba a saba gani ba a watan Yuni.
3. **Me yasa hakan ke faruwa?**
Yafi faruwa ne saboda canjin yanayi. Kona man fetur yana kama zafi a cikin yanayi, yana sa zafin rana ya zama mai yawa, tsayi, da ƙarfi. Hakanan yanayin yanayi na halitta ya taimaka wajen jawo iska mai zafi daga Arewacin Afirka.
4. **Shin wannan abu ne na wucin gadi kawai?**
A'a, duk da cewa kowane wata na iya zama na musamman, wannan ya dace da yanayin da ake gani. Shekaru goma da suka gabata sun ga karuwar zafi mai rikodin a Turai. Masana kimiyya sun ce wannan sabon al'ada ne.
5. **Menene bambanci tsakanin zafin rana da rana mai zafi ta al'ada?**
Zafin rana shine lokaci mai tsawo na yanayi mai zafi fiye da kima, wanda sau da yawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa da dare. Rana mai zafi ta al'ada ita ce rana ɗaya kawai. Zafin rana yana da haɗari saboda jiki ba ya samun damar yin sanyi da dare.
**Tambayoyi na Matakin Ci Gaba**
6. **Yaya wannan rikodin watan Yuni yake kwatanta da zafin rana na tarihi na 2003?**
Zafin rana na 2003 ya fi kisa da ƙarfi a kololuwar sa, amma matsakaicin yanayin zafi na dukan watan Yuni 2024 ya fi girma. Wannan yana nufin zafi ya fi dorewa da yaduwa maimakon ɗan gajeren tashin hankali.
7. **Shin zafin rana a Turai yana ƙara ƙarfi da tsayi?**
Ee, bincike ya nuna cewa zafin rana a Turai yanzu yana faruwa kusan sau uku zuwa huɗu fiye da yadda yake a ƙarni da ya gabata. Hakanan suna ƙara tsayi—matsakaicin kwanaki da yawa fiye da da—kuma suna kaiwa ga mafi girman yanayin zafi.
8. **Wane irin rawar da yanayin heat dome ke takawa?**
Heat dome shine tsarin matsin lamba mai girma wanda ke kama iska mai zafi a wuri ɗaya, kamar murfi a kan tukunya. A wannan watan Yuni, wani heat dome mai ƙarfi ya tsaya a kan Turai ta Yamma.
