Taliban a Afghanistan sun fara wani yunƙuri na diflomasiyya don fita daga keɓewarsu, yayin da manyan ƙasashe na yanki da na duniya ke nuna ƙarfin sha'awar yin hulɗa da gwamnatin danniya, duk da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da take yi.
Shekaru biyar bayan da Taliban suka sake kwace mulki, ƙasashe da yawa suna sabunta dangantaka ko kuma ƙara tuntuɓar diflomasiyya da ƙungiyar Islama mai tsaurin ra'ayi, wadda ta karɓi ragamar mulkin Kabul a 2021 bayan shekaru ashirin na yaƙin tawaye mai muni.
Masu fafutuka sun damu cewa waɗannan tuntuɓar na ɗaiɗaikun ƙasashe na iya raunana ƙoƙarin neman "daidaito da daidaito" na buƙatun cewa duk wani rangwame na diflomasiyya ya danganta da ingantacciyar haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana wani "ɗimbin dokoki da ƙa'idodi na Taliban" da suka hana mata shiga jami'o'i da yawancin ayyuka, suka hana 'yan mata matasa ilimi, kuma suka sanya tsauraran ka'idojin sutura. 'Yan tsiraru sun fuskanci zalunci, yayin da ake dannawa masu fafutuka da 'yan jarida. Afghanistan ta zama "makabartar haƙƙin ɗan adam," in ji Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Maris.
Indiya, Qatar, China, Iran, da wasu ƙasashe da yawa na Asiya ta Tsakiya duk sun yi maraba da jami'an Taliban a kwanan nan ko kuma suka buɗe sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa. Rasha, wadda ta amince da gwamnatin Taliban a Kabul a hukumance fiye da shekara ɗaya da ta wuce, ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar soja a watan da ya gabata. A watan Yuni, Tarayyar Turai ta gudanar da tattaunawa da jami'an Taliban a Brussels game da mayar da masu neman mafaka da suka gaza zuwa Afghanistan. Ƙasashen Turai ɗaiɗaikun ma sun ƙara zurfafa tuntuɓarsu da Kabul.
"Babu shakka an sami canji. Masarautar Islama yanzu tana cikin matsayi na ƙarfin gwiwa. Sun gane cewa suna da muhimmanci ga ƙasashen yanki a yanzu, har ma da Turai da Amurka sun gano yadda za su yi hulɗa," in ji Shivam Shekhawat, a Cibiyar Bincike ta Observer a Delhi.
"Taliban suna kallon kowace irin hulɗa a matsayin nasarar diflomasiyya kuma sun sami damar amfani da hakan a matsayin alamar ba da halaccin gwamnatin."
Manufar keɓewa mai tsauri da aka sanya bayan Taliban suka kwace mulki a 2021, wadda ta guji amincewa a hukumance ko "a zahiri," yanzu tana rushewa. Wasu masu sharhi na Yamma sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙarin ƙasashe su amince da gwamnatin. Wasu kuma suna son ƙarfafa hulɗar "ta hanyar sirri."
"Ba mu adawa da kowace hulɗa ba... Akwai buƙatar hulɗa ko da don ƙungiyoyin agaji kawai don rage rikicin jin kai da ke gudana, amma muna damuwa game da manufar ƙarshe na waɗannan tuntuɓar da tattaunawar da ke gudana," in ji Fereshta Abbasi, mai bincike na Afghanistan a Human Rights Watch.
"Ya kamata a sami saƙo mai daidaito kuma mai ma'ana daga al'ummar duniya ga Taliban cewa ba za su sami abokai ba idan ba su nuna ci gaba na gaske ba game da haƙƙin mata da haƙƙin ɗan adam... kuma hakan ba ya faruwa."
Sabbin tuntuɓar sun samo asali ne daga damuwar tsaro na yanki, matsin lamba a Yamma don rage shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma fahimtar gaba ɗaya cewa da wuya a tilasta Taliban barin mulki nan da nan.
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta rage muhimmancin tattaunawarta a Brussels da tawagar Taliban, irin wannan ganawar ta farko tun 2021, a matsayin "fasaha" kawai kuma ta mayar da hankali kan mayar da mutane, amma mai magana da yawun Taliban ya ce wannan ziyara ce mai tarihi wadda ke zama mataki zuwa ga daidaita dangantakar ofisoshin jakadanci da ƙasashen EU.
Taron ya haifar da fushi.
"Ba za ku iya yin Allah wadai da cin zarafin Taliban a numfashi ɗaya sannan ku sanar da tattaunawa kan shige da fice a numfashi na gaba ba... Taliban suna gaya wa mabiyansu a gida cewa yanzu al'ummar duniya ta karɓe su," in ji Abbasi.
A wannan shekara, jami'ai daga Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, da Kazakhstan duk sun ziyarci Kabul ko wasu garuruwan Afghanistan, suna neman tabbatar da hanyoyin kasuwanci da yarjejeniyoyin bututun mai da za su ba ƙasashensu da ba su da bakin teku damar shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa ko wasu ƙasashe.
Indiya ma ta matsa don ƙarfafa dangantakar da ta yi sanyi bayan Kabul ya faɗa hannun Taliban a 2021, wani ɓangare don cin gajiyar sabon rashin jituwa tsakanin ƙungiyar da masu goyon bayanta na dogon lokaci, Pakistan. A bara, New Delhi ta sami keɓewa daga takunkumi don Amir Khan Muttaqi, ministan harkokin wajen Taliban kuma tsohon jigo wanda ya kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar shekaru da yawa, ya iya tafiya can. A watan Yuni, wakilin Indiya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za a sake duba takunkumi—kamar hana tafiye-tafiye, daskare kadarori, da hana sayen makamai—waɗanda ke kaiwa ga yawancin membobin Taliban. "Gaskiyar siyasar Afghanistan ta canza a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, kuma tsarin takunkumi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yanzu dole ne ya yi la'akari da hakan," in ji Harish Parvathaneni.
Hukumomin Afghanistan ma sun yi amfani da diflomasiyya ta hanyar karbar bakuncin wakilan ƙasashen waje a Kabul, ciki har da wakilai daga China, Japan, Turkiyya, da Saudi Arabia. A bara, ministan harkokin wajen Iran, Abbas Araghchi, ya yi ziyarar farko da ministan harkokin wajen Iran ya kai Kabul cikin kusan shekaru goma. Masarautar Islama ta Afghanistan "tana neman dangantaka da dukkan ƙasashe," in ji mai magana da yawun Taliban Zabihullah Mujahid, kodayake "ƙasashen yanki da maƙwabtanmu suna da muhimmanci na musamman, domin alakar tattalin arzikinmu da bukatunmu suna da alaƙa sosai."
Anna Borshchevskaya, babbar jami'a a Cibiyar Washington wadda ta mayar da hankali kan manufofin Rasha game da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ta ce Moscow na da dalilai da yawa na amincewa da gwamnatin Taliban da neman ƙarin dangantaka. "Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da ake tsammani shine kawai samun abokan hulɗa... Afghanistan ma tana da muhimmanci sosai ga Rasha a yanayin ƙasa, kuma Rasha kawai tana son tasiri a wannan ɓangaren duniya. An sami buɗewa, kuma sun sami damar amfani da ita," in ji ta. "Wannan ƙididdiga ce mai sanyi da rashin tausayi. Wani ɓangare ne na ra'ayi mai sauƙi na cewa don Rasha ta ci nasara, Amurka dole ta yi rashin nasara. Daga mahangar Kremlin, wannan yaƙi ne na duniya, kuma ko kana kallon Turai ko Afghanistan ko wani wuri, duk wani dandali ne na siyasa ɗaya."
Biritaniya ta ce tana bin manufar "taƙaitacciya kuma mai amfani" ta hulɗa da jami'an Taliban, galibi ta hanyar Ofishin Jakadancin Biritaniya a Afghanistan da ke zaune a ofishin jakadancin Biritaniya a Qatar. Sauran ƙasashen Yamma ma sun gudanar da tarurruka na sirri da Taliban a Qatar. A Jamus da aƙalla wasu manyan biranen Yammacin Turai huɗu, manyan ofisoshin jakadanci yanzu ana gudanar da su ne ta hannun Taliban, ba wakilan tsohuwar gwamnatin Afghanistan ba.
Jami'an Taliban ma sun matsa don ayyukan gine-gine na kan iyaka don ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin ƙasar mai rauni da matsayinta na diflomasiyya. Albarkatun ƙasa ma wani abin jan hankali ne ga ƙasashen waje. Kabul ta faɗaɗa fannin hakar ma'adinai, tana jan hankalin kamfanoni daga China maƙwabciyarta da sauran wurare. China, wadda ke damuwa game da tsagerun Islama a kan iyakokinta na kudu maso yamma da kewaye, ta yi marhabin da jami'an Taliban a shekarun baya kuma ta karbi bakuncin tattaunawa lokacin da Afghanistan da Pakistan suka shiga yaƙi a farkon wannan shekara.
Taliban sun rabu, suna da rashin jituwa mai zurfi kan batutuwa kamar haramcin ilimin mata, amma mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna ci gaba da mamaye. Sabbin dokoki sun ƙara tsananta danniya, suna la'akarin yawancin ƙungiyoyin addini—ciki har da musulmin Shia—a matsayin ɓarna kuma suna sanya hukunce-hukunce masu tsauri don murkushe saɓani. Wasu sabbin dokoki sun amince da "dokin da ya wuce kima" kawai a matsayin tashin hankalin gida ga mata kuma suna sauƙaƙa auren 'yan mata ƙanana ba tare da izininsu ba. Masu nazari ba su yi tunanin cewa Taliban za su sassauta matsayinsu nan da nan ba, suna nuni da ci gaba da tasirin Hibatullah Akhundzada, shugabansu mai ɓoye da kama. Ramin Mansoori, mai bincike a Jami'ar Pittsburgh da Carnegie Endowment wanda ke nazarin siyasar Afghanistan, ya ce babban abin da Taliban ke mayar da hankali a kai shi ne manufofinsu na cikin gida.
Duba hoto cikin cikakken girma
Ministan harkokin wajen Afghanistan, Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi, ya fuskanci suka saboda hana 'yan jarida mata shiga taron manema labarai nasa a ziyarar da ya kai Indiya. Hoton: Elke Scholiers/Getty Images
"Ba za su yi wani babban sulhu ba. Yawancinsu ba su da hangen nesa na duniya," in ji Mansoori.
**Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi**
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da haɓakar hulɗar ƙasashen duniya da Taliban da aka rubuta cikin yanayi na halitta kuma mai bayyanawa.
**Tambayoyi na Gaba ɗaya**
1. Menene ainihin ma'anar hulɗar ƙasashen duniya da Taliban?
Yana nufin cewa gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna gudanar da tarurruka na hukuma, tattaunawa, ko tattaunawar diflomasiyya da gwamnatin Taliban. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da ba da taimako, tallafin kuɗi na ayyuka, ko sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci da su.
2. Me yasa ƙasashe ke tattaunawa da Taliban idan ba su amince da su a hukumance ba?
Yawancin ƙasashe ba su amince da Taliban a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin Afghanistan ba. Duk da haka, suna tattaunawa da su saboda larura mai amfani. Suna buƙatar mu'amala da Taliban don kula da tsaron iyaka, hana ƙungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda amfani da ƙasar Afghanistan, isar da taimakon jin kai ga fararen hula da ke fama da yunwa, da kuma magance matsalar 'yan gudun hijirar Afghanistan.
3. Su wane ne manyan ƙasashe da ke hulɗa da Taliban a yanzu?
China, Rasha, da Pakistan sun fi yin aiki a tattaunawar tattalin arziki da tsaro. Amurka da ƙasashen Turai ma sun gudanar da tarurruka kai tsaye, amma galibi sun mayar da hankali kan yaƙi da ta'addanci da samun damar taimakon jin kai maimakon halaccin siyasa.
4. Shin hulɗa yana nufin amincewa da Taliban?
A'a. Hulɗa kayan aiki ne ba amincewa ba. Ƙasashe suna jayayya cewa yanke duk wata hulɗa zai zama babban kuskure, yana barin Afghanistan a keɓe kuma mai yiwuwa ya sa ƙasar ta zama mafaka ga 'yan ta'adda na duniya. Suna jaddada cewa tattaunawa da Taliban ba ya nufin sun amince da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam ko mulkinsu ba.
**Damuwa da Hatsari**
5. Menene babbar damuwa game da wannan haɓakar hulɗa?
Babban tsoro shi ne cewa za a ɗauki hulɗar a matsayin lada ga Taliban. Masu suka sun damu cewa ta hanyar ba su halacci da taimako, al'ummar duniya tana karɓar manufofinsu na danniya—musamman haramcin ilimin 'yan mata da haƙƙin mata na aiki—kuma tana watsi da al'ummar Afghanistan.
6. Shin wannan hulɗa na iya sa Afghanistan ta sake zama mafakar 'yan ta'adda?
Wannan babbar damuwa ce. Duk da cewa Taliban sun yanke alaƙa da Al-Qaeda, masana tsaro sun damu cewa wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar ISIS-K suna ci gaba da aiki. Akwai haɗarin cewa idan Taliban suka sami tallafin ƙasashen duniya ba tare da yin garantin tsaro ba, ba za su sami ƙwarin gwiwa don murkushe ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba.
7. Yaya wannan ke shafar yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Afghanistan?
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa sun yi imanin cewa hulɗa ba tare da tsauraran sharuɗɗa ba tana ƙarfafa gwamnatin Taliban ta ci gaba da danniya.
