Lokacin da HBO ta yi watsi da shirinta na daidaita littafin Jonathan Franzen mai suna The Corrections a shekarar 2012, marubucin ya ji daɗi sosai har ya ce ya yi cartwheel ɗinsa na farko kuma na ƙarshe a lawn gidansa da ke Santa Cruz, California. An taɓa yin ƙoƙarin daidaita shi zuwa fim kafin wannan, amma bai yi mamakin gazawarsa ba, bayan da ya yi gargaɗi cewa ba zai yiwu a taƙaita littafinsa mai cike da rikitattun labarai zuwa fim mai tsawon fasali ba. A wannan karon, Franzen ya sanya hannu a matsayin co-marubuci, tare da mai shirya fim Noah Baumbach. Ya ce HBO an "cire shi daga tsarin haɓakawa. Kuskure, domin ba mu san yadda ake yin TV ba." Franzen da kansa bai ma mallaki TV ba har zuwa ƴan shekaru da suka gabata kuma tabbas ba shi da cable, don haka yayin da yake kokawa da rubutun, ya fara hayar box sets. Kusan sassa uku cikin wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo, ya gane "ba mu da masaniyar abin da muke yi. Ba haka ake yin TV ba. Wannan ba shi da kyau," in ji shi. Ya ce sakamakon ya kasance "ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin pilots da kowa ya taɓa yi." Franzen ya taɓa tunanin TV ita ce "maƙiyi" na marubucin littafi mai muhimmanci. A cikin wata sananniyar maƙala ta 1996 ga Harper's Magazine game da koma bayan manyan adabi ya yi korafi mai ɗaci game da "banal ascendancy na talabijin". Amma bayan jerin HBO ya gaza, ya kalli Breaking Bad, Nurse Jackie da Silicon Valley kuma ya ƙaunace su. A zamanin social media, AI da endless scroll, TV ta fara kama da "aboki", in ji shi yanzu. Kuma The Corrections a ƙarshe ana daidaita shi zuwa jerin sassa takwas na Netflix, tare da Meryl Streep tana wasa Enid Lambert, uwar gida da ke manne da mafarkin shirya cikakkiyar Kirsimeti ta ƙarshe ta iyali, duk da cewa mijinta Alfred yana cikin raguwar ƙarshe da Parkinson's da dementia kuma rayuwar ƴaƴansu manya suna rugujewa cikin munanan hanyoyi masu ban dariya. Da Streep ta sanar da cewa tana ciki, Franzen ya ji "damar yin wannan shirin ya haura sama da 50%". Ya ce yana da wata ɗaya kafin ya gama rubutun. Muna haɗuwa a gidansa da ke gefen Santa Cruz, a ofishinsa inda aka saukar da makafi ƙasa da ƙasa don hana hasken rana mai ƙarfi. Yana da shekaru 67, dogo kuma ɗan lanƙwasa, kuma ko da gashinsa ya koma fari har yanzu yana kama da yaro idan ya yi dariya, murmushi mai faɗi da ƙaramin hanci, wani ƙwal mai mugunta a bayan tabarau masu duhun firam ɗinsa da aka sani da su. Ya zauna a kan kujera da alama ta yi ƙanƙanta ga tsayinsa mai tsawo kuma yakan yi ta murɗawa da rashin jin daɗi. Shin mu gwada musanya wurare, na tambaya a wani lokaci? "A'a, kawai ina nuna rashin jin daɗi na jiki game da maimaita kaina," ya amsa. Yana son gyara maganarsa yayin da yake ci gaba: "share wannan kalmar!" ya umarta a wani lokaci, kuma "wannan yana buƙatar a ja layi a ƙarƙashinsa". Idan ya rasa zaren maganarsa yakan sanar, da girma, "za ka iya juya ni". Duba hoto a cikakken allo Maggie Gyllenhaal da Ewan McGregor a HBO pilot na The Corrections. Hoto: Bang Media International/Alamy The Corrections, littafi na uku na Franzen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta National Book Award for Fiction ta 2001 a Amurka, kuma har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin littattafan adabi mafi kyawun siyarwa na shekarun kwanan nan. An buga shi ƴan kwanaki kafin 9/11 kuma yana taƙaita materialism, damuwa da kwanciyar hankali na dogon ƙarni na 20 na Amurka. Har ila yau shi ne littafin Franzen mafi "autobiographical", wanda aka zana shi a hankali daga tarbiyyarsa ta tsakiyar yamma: an girma Franzen a wani yanki mai wadata na St Louis, Missouri. Kamar Alfred, mahaifinsa, wanda injiniya ne, ya kamu da Parkinson's da Alzheimer's, yayin da Enid ita ce "sigar zane mai ban dariya" ta mahaifiyarsa. "Ba a sami abubuwa da yawa daga rayuwata a cikin littafin ba sai waɗannan biyu: halayen da yaudarar kai game da girman tabarbarewar tunani – duk an zana su daga gogewata," in ji shi. Franzen ya ce ya koyi "psychology a matsayin marubuci" daga iyalinsa. Iyayensa sun kasance "manyan mutane": sun kasance "masu ban dariya" da "masu ban tsoro" da "masu tunani", da arziƙin rayuwar ciki. "Sun ƙirƙiri ba kawai Enid da Alfred ba, amma da gaske ra'ayin wani hali … haɗin zurfin tunani, sha'awar zuciya, buƙatun zuciya, da ban dariya," ya bayyana. Mahaifinsa ya mutu kafin a buga The Corrections. Mahaifiyarsa ta rayu har ta san cewa an fitar da wani sashe a The New Yorker, a matsayin wani ɓangare na fitowa ta musamman kan marubutan Amurka ƙasa da 40. "Goggo ta mai ban haushi, 'yar'uwarta, ta kira ta ta ce: 'Irene, kar ki karanta labarin Jon a The New Yorker,'" Franzen ya tuna. Mahaifiyarsa ba ta da lafiya da ciwon daji kuma tana da watanni kaɗan kawai a rayuwa. Ya ziyarce ta ƴan kwanaki bayan wannan kiran, lokacin da babu makawa ta tambaya, "Me ya sa ba zan karanta labarinka a The New Yorker ba?" Ya taƙaita labarin gare ta, "na bar wasu ƙananan abubuwa, amma a zahiri kawai na kwatanta abin da yake." Da ya gama, ta ce, "Na gode, ba na buƙatar karanta shi." Yana ɗaya daga cikin tattaunawarsu ta ƙarshe mai tsawo. Ta mutu kwana 10 bayan haka. "Iyayena sun ba mu yara komai—har da suka mai yawa. Amma sai kawai suka tafi, kuma har yanzu ina cikin shekarun 30 kuma zan iya rubuta duk abin da nake so," in ji shi. Ba zai iya buga The Corrections ba idan suna raye. Yawancin littattafansa na baya—ciki har da Crossroads da Freedom, wasu manyan littattafai biyu masu cike da ra'ayoyi—sun kuma mai da hankali kan iyalai na tsakiyar yamma marasa aiki. "Yakan ba ni mamaki cewa mutane suna ganin abin ban mamaki cewa ina da haruffa da suke da alaƙa ta iyali a cikin littattafana," in ji shi, yana jin ɗan haushi. "Domin kamar, to, Littafi Mai Tsarki littafi ne na labarun iyali. Alkawari na Tsoho, duk labarun iyali ne. Tatsuniyoyin Girka, Homer …" Franzen da farko ya karanta kimiyya a jami'a: "Wannan wani rufi ne don sa iyayena su biya kuɗin kwaleji," in ji shi. Ba su ji daɗi ba lokacin da ya canza fannin karatunsa, "amma aƙalla na yi wani abu mai muhimmanci kamar adabin Jamus maimakon karatun Ingilishi maras muhimmanci, wanda a zahiri ba za su biya ba." Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Swarthmore, kwalejin fasaha mai sassauci a Pennsylvania, a 1981, ya sami malanta ta Fulbright na shekara ɗaya a Freie Universität a Berlin. Littafinsa na farko, The Twenty-Seventh City, an buga shi shekaru shida bayan haka, a 1988. Tun daga nan yana aiki cikakken lokaci a matsayin marubuci. "Ban yi komai ba sai kuskure a matsayin matashi, amma a zahiri na yi sa'a sosai na gane, wannan shine abin da ka ƙware a kai," in ji shi. Franzen ya kwatanta The Corrections a matsayin "ban dariya mai fushi," kuma yana da suna na kasancewa, to, mutum mai fushi. Daga ina fushinsa yake zuwa, ina mamaki? "Har yanzu abin asiri ne a gare ni, samun gata da yawa—ba gata ta tattalin arziki da gaske ba, amma kowane irin gata da za a iya tunani—cewa na yi fushi na dogon lokaci. Akwai shekaru 14 na kasancewa cikin aure da ya kamata ya ƙare bayan shekaru biyu. Wannan ya bayyana da yawa, a zahiri," in ji shi. Ya auri wata marubuciya, Valerie Cornell, jim kaɗan bayan kammala karatunsa, kuma sun rabu a 1994. "Sannan akwai, ka sani, ni mutum ne mai haske, kuma wautar duniya tana sa ni fushi." Oh, kuma a cikin 90s, ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa "cikin fushi cewa ana ganin mutane suna rasa sha'awar irin littattafan da nake rubutawa." Amma, ya ƙara, "Ban san dalilin da ya sa mutane suke tunanin ni mai fushi ne a yanzu ba, domin ba ni da gaske fushi haka tun shekara ɗaya bayan an buga The Corrections." A wannan shekarar ta farko, ya yarda da murmushi mai ɓarna, ta ɗan kasance "mai tashin hankali." Da yawa za su tuna rigimarsa da Oprah Winfrey, wadda ta zaɓi The Corrections don book club ɗinta kuma ta gayyace shi a shirinta, amma ta soke gayyatar bayan ya kwatanta sauran zaɓuɓɓuganta da "schmaltzy." Daga baya su biyun sun sulhu—ta zaɓi Freedom don book club ɗinta a 2010, kuma sun rungume a kan TV kai tsaye. Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolinsa, ya nuna, shi ne cewa ba zai iya "fara tunani ba tare da sanya wani tunani mai sabani a ciki ba." Karanta rabin maganar kawai sai ya zama kamar "asshole." Yayin da yake sukar zaɓuɓɓuganta, ya kuma yaba wa Oprah don haɓaka karatu, alal misali. Yana iya gani yanzu cewa ta yi daidai da ta ji haushi. Amma, tunani mai sabani: "To, wasu daga cikin zaɓuɓɓuganta na farko sun kasance …" ɗan dakata na wasan kwaikwayo "… schmaltzy."
Wasu rigimomin sun biyo baya, da marubuciya Jennifer Weiner game da kulawar da ba ta dace ba da ake ba wa aikin Franzen. Tunani: Weiner tana "freeloading" a kan muhawarar jinsi kuma "tana neman girmamawa da ba kawai masu bita maza ba, har da masu bita mata, ba sa ganin aikinta ya cancanci." Tunani mai sabani: son zuciya na jinsi a cikin adabi matsala ce ta gaske. Ya shiga matsala saboda cewa ya yi tunanin ɗaukar maraya ɗan Iraqi don ƙarin fahimtar matasa. Tunani mai sabani: wannan mahaukacin tunani ya daɗe makonni shida a mafi yawa. Franzen ya ce ya koyi zama mai hankali. "Ban san abin da nake yi ba. Ban san yadda ake magana da mutane a hira ba. Ban san yadda ake yin TV ba. Ina kawai faɗin duk abin da nake tunani sannan in shiga matsala kuma in ji kamar: 'Oh, rashin adalci! Ina shiga matsala.' To, ka sani, ɗan'uwa, yi hankali, koyi yadda za ka kare kanka. Kada ka faɗi waɗannan abubuwan."
A 2010, bayan buga Freedom, Franzen ya bayyana a bangon mujallar Time, wata nasara da ba kasafai wani marubuci ya samu ba. Labarin ya kwatanta shi a matsayin "Great American Novelist." Ya ce shawararsa ce cewa ya kamata ya kasance a bangon. Ya sa mai tallansa ya tuntuɓi Time ya ce ba su da wani marubuci a matsayin tauraron bangon shekaru da yawa, kuma Franzen zai yi kyau. Jira, me, ina tambaya, ina jujjuya bayanana, shin wannan labarin ba ya kwatanta ka a matsayin "singularly ungifted at what you might call brand management"? "Shin wannan ba abin ban dariya ba ne?" ya tambaya, idanunsa sun buɗe cikin jin daɗi. "Abin ban dariya ne!"
Ba ya son maganar "great American novel," ko da yake. "Yawanci ba a faɗin ta da kirki ba. Wani irin ba'a ce," in ji shi. Ya sanya wani ba'a na zalunci: "Oh, babban marubucin littafi na Amurka. Oh, za ka rubuta babban littafin Amurka, ko?"
'Mutane ba sa karanta Steinbeck kuma? Abin baƙin ciki ne, amma babu abin da ke dawwama har abada'
Franzen ba ya kallon makomar littafin adabi da raini kamar yadda ya saba. Wannan maƙalar Harper's? Ainihin korafinsa a lokacin ita ce "mutane ba sa siyan littattafai irin nawa," in ji shi, yana yin kamar yana kuka. "A zahiri, suna saya. Ba su sayan littattafana kawai. Wannan shine korafina a cikin 90s, kuma ba shakka na mai da shi wata babbar matsala ta al'ada." A kwanakin nan, yana tunanin waɗanda ke kuka kan koma bayan karatu suna buƙatar hangen nesa. "Ina tsammanin masu kuka kan halakar littafi suna yin babban kuskure. Suna tunanin wani zamanin zinariya lokacin da kowa ya karanta Flaubert. Babu irin wannan lokacin," in ji shi. Gaskiya ne, ya ci gaba, cewa fasahar zamani ba ta taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙaunar karatu. "Yana da sauƙi a yi tunanin wani lokaci nan ba da jimawa ba da babu dalilin iya karatu, domin ana iya juya rubutu zuwa harshen magana kuma ba za ka rubuta ba domin kawai ka yi magana kuma za a rubuta maka," in ji shi. Amma wannan da ƙyar yana kama da mafi munin abin da ke faruwa a duniya a yanzu. "Wannan shine wani abin da nake ji game da masu kuka kan halakar littafi, kamar, da gaske, wannan matsala ce ta tarihin duniya? Mutane ba za su iya karanta Steinbeck kuma ba? Abin baƙin ciki ne, amma babu abin da ke dawwama har abada. Me kuke so?" Franzen ya ce ba ya son yin tsokaci kan siyasar Amurka domin "babu wanda ya damu da abin da marubucin littafi yake tunani." Ya kuma ba da hira ga jaridar Jamus Die Welt kafin wa'adin Donald Trump na biyu, inda ya annabta, kamar yawancin masana, cewa shugaban ba zai cika yawancin alkawuransa ba—kuma yanzu ya yarda, "kamar a'a, na yi kuskure gaba ɗaya." Duk da haka, ya fara ganin Trump da wuri. Ya rubuta game da shugaban nan gaba a cikin littafinsa na 1992 Strong Motion da kuma wasu maƙaloli a wannan shekarun. "Ya nuna wani irin mugunta, ɓangaren rashin kunya, son kai, zalunci na rayuwar Amurka wanda, eh, na lura da wuri kuma na ƙi. Ban ma zauna a New York ba lokacin da na rubuta Strong Motion kuma ina iya jin wannan muguwar kasancewar," in ji shi.
Ya fi buɗe wa yin tsokaci kan al'amuran muhalli, bayan da ya rubuta maƙaloli masu tayar da hankali da yawa ga New Yorker kan rikicin yanayi. Ya fusata masu fafutukar yanayi ta hanyar jayayya cewa ɗan adam yana buƙatar yarda cewa ɗumamar duniya za ta faru kuma ya fara mayar da hankali kan ayyukan gida da aka sadaukar don kiyayewa da bambancin halittu. Shi kansa mai sha'awar tsuntsaye, a 2015 ya soki ƙungiyar kiyaye tsuntsaye Audubon saboda yin iƙirarin ƙarya cewa sauyin yanayi shine babbar barazana da tsuntsaye ke fuskanta, maimakon yin karo da tagogin gilashi da farautar kuliyoyi—matsaloli biyu da za a iya gyara. Audubon ta amsa da zargin "tsananin rashin gaskiya na hankali." "Sun nemi gafara," in ji shi lokacin da na tambaye shi game da hakan, "gaba ɗaya."
Franzen ya gano sha'awarsa ga tsuntsaye jim kaɗan bayan an buga The Corrections. Yakan tafi tafiye-tafiyen kallon tsuntsaye duk lokacin da zai iya, amma kuma yana iya gani da yawa daga gidansa: akwai violet-green swallows da ke yin gida a maƙwabtaka, da hooded orioles a lambun baya. Idan ba don zafi sosai ba, kuma ba a saukar da makafinsa ƙasa haka ba, da mun ga iyalin quail suna gudu ta taga ofishinsa. "Idan kana son ganin quail, wannan ɗaya ne daga cikin mafi kyawun wurare a duniya," in ji shi.
Yana raba gidansa da abokin zamansa na dogon lokaci, marubuciya Kathryn Chetkovich. A wani kusurwa na ofishinsa akwai guitar lantarki. Ya fara guitar yayin da yake aiki kan Freedom, kuma da safiyar yau yana yin atisaye da ƙungiyar Shady Characters, wadda ya kafa da 'yan'uwan Chetkovich. Hobby ce ta sirri kawai. "Ban taɓa yin wasa a bainar jama'a ba, kuma ba zan taɓa yi ba," ya sanar.
A watan Yunin da ya gabata, Franzen ya buga wani sabon labari a New Yorker game da wani matashi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai buri da ke fama da ciki maras so da rikicin bangaskiya. Zai kasance wani ɓangare na littafinsa na gaba, mabiyi ga Crossroads, wanda aka buga a 2021 a matsayin littafi na farko a cikin trilogy da aka tsara. Shin hakan yana nufin littafinsa na gaba ya kusa? "Wannan ba 'na mika rubutun kuma muna samun ɗan teaser' ba. A'a, wannan 'na shiga cikin kogon sosai kuma ina buƙatar aika alamar rayuwa,'" in ji shi. Yana ɗaukar Franzen shekaru da yawa don rubuta littafi, kuma shekarun kafin ya daidaita kan sabon aiki sukan kasance "mummunan," in ji shi. Yakan yi ƙoƙarin raba hankalinsa, sau da yawa ta hanyar rubuta nonfiction, sannan "na kan koma lokaci-lokaci in buga kaina a kan bangon da aka ce." "Ba abin jin daɗi ba ne," ya tabbatar: "Wata rana, wani tunani. Eh, wancan ma bai yi aiki ba. Tashi a tsakiyar dare. Eh, na samu. A'a, ba ka samu ba."
Franzen ya yi imanin cewa mafi wahalar ɓangare na rubuta sabon littafi ita ce tana buƙatar shi ya canza: yana buƙatar zama "irin mutumin da zai iya rubuta littafin. Na zama wani mutum dabam ta wata hanya mai muhimmanci don rubuta kowane littafi." Don motsawa daga The Corrections zuwa Freedom dole ne ya saki fushinsa. Don rubuta Crossroads, dole ne ya zama mai yafiya. A yanzu, in ji shi, "Ina jira in tashi a matsayin mutumin da yake raye kuma ba mutumin da ya kasance shekaru biyar da suka gabata ba."
Shin hakan yana nufin yana ganin rubutu a matsayin hanyar inganta kai? Allah, a'a! Lokacin da yake aiki kan wani yanayi, yana ƙoƙarin kama wani hali ko samun sautin daidai, ba ya tunani cikin sharuddan ɗabi'a. "Idan da gaske kana shagaltuwa da hakan, ba batun ɗabi'a ba ne, amma batun samun wani abu na gaskiya. Don haka na fi son gaskiya a matsayin manufa fiye da ɗabi'a, inganta kai, inganta kurwa," in ji shi. "Ba na damu da inganta kurwa ta ba. Ina damu da yin shi daidai," ya ƙara. Sannan, gyaran da ya saba: "Wanda kyakkyawan layin ƙarshe ne." An buga bugu na cika shekaru 25 na The Corrections ta 4th Estate.
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Ga jerin FAQs bisa ga maƙalar/hirar Jonathan Franzen mai taken Har yanzu abin asiri ne a gare ni dalilin da ya sa na yi fushi na dogon lokaci
Tambayoyin Farko
1 Menene wannan labarin ya kunsa
Maƙala ce ta sirri ta marubucin littafi Jonathan Franzen inda yake waiwaye kan fushin da ya jagoranci yawancin rayuwarsa ta farko da rubutunsa kuma yana tambaya dalilin da ya sa ya daɗe yana fushi
2 Wanene Jonathan Franzen
Marubucin littafi ne ɗan Amurka wanda aka fi sani da littattafai kamar The Corrections Freedom da Crossroads An san shi da manyan wasannin kwaikwayo na iyali da kuma yin magana a fili a cikin hirarraki
3 Daga ina taken ya fito
Zance ne kai tsaye daga Franzen kansa Ya yarda cewa ko bayan shekaru na tunani da magani har yanzu bai fahimci tushen fushinsa sosai ba
4 Me ya sa ya yi fushi
Ya nuna haɗin abubuwa: yanayin iyali mai wahala, jin kai a matsayin baƙo, ƙin iyayensa da kuma jin cewa duniya karya ce ko rashin adalci
5 Shin wannan ikirari ne ko neman gafara
Waiwaye ce fiye da neman gafara Yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar kansa ba neman gafara ba
6 Me yake nufi da fushi
Yana nufin haushi da ƙin yarda na yau da kullum—ba fushi mai fashewa ba amma ƙiyayya mai tafasa wadda ta tsara yadda yake mu'amala da mutane da rubuta almara
7 Shin rubutu ya taimaka masa ya shawo kan fushinsa
Wani ɓangare Rubutu ya ba shi wurin ajiye fushin amma ya ce bai warkar da shi gaba ɗaya ba Dole ne ya yi aikin sirri a wajen rubutu kuma
Tambayoyin Matsakaici
8 Wane rawa iyalinsa suka taka a cikin fushinsa
Ya kwatanta gida mai tashin hankali da danniya ta zuciya Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai nisa da damuwa mahaifiyarsa mai iko Ya ji ba a ganinsa kuma ya koyi mayar da martani da ba'a da janyewa
9 Yaya fushinsa ya shafi rubutunsa
Ya ba wa aikinsa na farko kaifi na satirical Amma kuma ya ce ya iyakance shi—ba zai iya rubuta game da ƙauna ko gafara ba har sai ya magance ƙin yardarsa
10 Me ya canza gare shi
Tsufa magani da kallon abokai da iyali suna mutuwa Ya gane cewa riƙe fushi yana da gajiya kuma yana rasa haɗi
