Na ji Requiem na Verdi da ’yan Ukraine suka yi sau biyu. Sau ɗaya a Lviv, a ranar Alhamis Mai Tsarki bara, sau ɗaya kuma a watan da ya gabata a ƙarƙashin babban kubba na St Paul’s Cathedral a Landan. A St Paul’s, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra da Philharmonia Chorus sun buɗe Dies irae—"ranar fushi"—kamar guguwar opera. Sautin ya yi ta ƙaruwa a cikin manyan wuraren Wren da ƙarfi har kiɗan ya ji kamar tsawa tana ƙara tsakanin kololuwar duwatsu.
A Lviv, wanda ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Ukraine da ƙungiyar kaɗe-kaɗe suka yi, maraice ya buɗe da kira don tunawa da waɗanda suka mutu a yaƙi. Kabarinsu yana da nisan mil ɗaya kawai a kan hanya: 153 lokacin da na fara ziyarta a kaka 2022, amma sama da 1,000 a wannan shekara. Jere bayan jere na sojoji da suka mutu suna da shekaru 20, 30, da 40, kowane kabari an ƙawata shi da furanni da tsirrai, tutoci suna shawagi a sama. A wannan lokacin, Dies irae—a cikin ƙarin ƙuntataccen sauti na Lviv Philharmonic Hall—ya yi kama da yana riƙe da zafin baƙin ciki. Lallai ban taɓa jin ranar fushi mafi zafi haka ba.
Na yi tunani da yawa game da fushin Ukraine. An yi niyya ne ga Rasha da Rashawa, kuma yana ƙonewa da fushi wanda wani lokaci yana da wuya a kusance shi. ’Yan Ukraine da kansu a wasu lokuta suna mamakin yadda fushinsu yake da zurfi. Oleksandr Mykhed, marubuci wanda yanzu ke aiki a cikin sojoji, ya rubuta littafin haruffa na yaƙi ga yara wanda L ke tsayawa ga lyut, ma’ana fushi. Ya kwatanta shi da "cakuda na musamman na ji inda sha’awar kare abin da yake naka, ƙiyayya ga abokin gaba, da ƙauna mai ɗorewa ga mutanenka suka haɗu daidai gwargwado." Wannan hadadden motsin rai mai ƙarfi ba abu ne da kake ji a lokacin zaman lafiya ba, kuma ba shi da sauƙi a ɗauka.
Na sami kaina ina fahimtar shi ta hanyar adabi, musamman waƙoƙin Homer. Waƙoƙi suna buƙatar man fetur don tafiyar da tafiyarsu ta waƙa, kuma suna buƙatar jinkiri don shimfiɗa zuwa dogon waƙoƙi maimakon gajeru. A cikin Odyssey, man fetur shine sha’awa—sha’awar komawa gida—kuma jinkiri ya fito daga ƙiyayyar allahntaka wadda ke jefa cikas bayan cikas a hanyar Odysseus. Amma a cikin Iliad, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin Yaƙin Trojan, fushin Achilles ne ke ƙarfafa waƙar: da farko fushinsa a matsayin soja da kwamandansa ya zagi, sannan baƙin cikin mai cinyewa na mutumin da ya rasa abokinsa na kusa a yaƙi. Baƙin ciki da fushi dangi ne na kusa; wannan abu ne da na gani a fili a Ukraine.
Zai zama kuskure a ce fushin Ukraine daidai yake da na Achilles. Nashinsa ya ketare zuwa yanayin motsin rai na allahntaka na ’ya’yan alloli. Amma na ci gaba da tunani game da girman wannan fushin Homeric lokacin da na ga fushin ’yan Ukraine game da fararen hula da aka kashe, garuruwan da aka jefa bama-bamai, mutanen da aka yi wa fyade da azabtarwa. Mawaƙiya Iryna Shuvalova, a cikin hira da marubuciya Kateryna Iakovlenko don Suspilne, gidan watsa labarai na ƙasa na Ukraine, ta ce fushi yana "zuba daga gare mu a matsayin martani ga babban rauni, bugu, tsokana, da munanan asarar."
Waƙar Shuvalova February—game da watan da aka fara mamayewa a 2022—ta fara a hankali da ban dariya, tana lura cewa "mun shirya tsallake watan Fabrairu / kamar kowane wata—/ sai dai ya fi gajarta." Amma sai mamayewar ta fara, kuma "a maimakon haka, kogin yana ruri yana kama mu da ƙafafu / wannan jan zamewa mai kumfa / Fabrairu-fushi." Masu fassara, Amelia Glaser da Yuliya Ilchuk, sun zaɓi "February-fury" don yin daidai da sautin haɗin a cikin harshen Ukraine tsakanin lyutyy (Fabrairu) da lyuta (fushi). A gare ni, kwatankwacin kai tsaye ga kogin Shuvalova mai jini shine Scamander na Homer, wanda ya cika da jini da gawarwakin waɗanda suka mutu a yaƙi.
Kuma menene ke ƙarfafa "ranar fushi" a cikin Requiem na Verdi? Kalmomin, waɗanda ba a daɗe da amfani da su a cikin bukukuwan Requiem ba, sun fito daga waƙar tsakiyar zamanai. Waƙar Latin ta tsakiyar zamanai tana kwatanta hargitsi da tsoro na halakar ƙasa ta ƙarshe. Ƙarfin da na ji a cikin waɗannan wasannin na Ukraine ya tunatar da ni fushin Homeric, kodayake wannan fushi yana ɗauke da nauyi daban. Fushin a cikin Dies irae wani nau’in fushin duniya ne, wanda aka haifa lokacin da komai ya jefa cikin rashin tsari ta ayyukan ɗan adam—watakila duniya da ke cikin yaƙi.
Ni ba Kirista ba ne, kuma ƙimar Iliad na Homer ba su da alaƙa da ni. Amma ina ganin akwai nau’o’in fushi daban-daban. Wasu marasa muhimmanci ne da ƙanana, kamar takaicin yau da kullum da zaluncin da dukanmu muke ji. Amma Mykhed ya yi magana game da fushi mai haifarwa—wanda ke tada aiki da ƙarfafa juriya. Fushinsa ya ba shi kuzari da ƙarfi don rubuta littafinsa, The Language of War. Ya gaya mini cewa yana so cikakken bayaninsa na fushin shekarar farko na mamayewar ya zama "kapsul ɗin lokaci ga kaina don in san inda na kasance, lokacin da a cikin shekaru biyar ko goma, fushina ba zai kasance mai kaifi haka ba."
Ya kwatanta wannan ji da "ba ƙiyayya ba ne, fushi ne, domin ƙiyayya ba ta ba ka ƙarfi ba, tana da hargitsi. Amma fushi yana ba ka kalmomi." A 1981, Audre Lorde ta rubuta cikin gaggawa game da fushin da wariyar launin fata ke tada—fushi wanda zai iya raba mutane da tada ƙiyayya daga fararen fata. Mata baƙar fata, ta lura, "suna rawar jiki da fushinsu a ƙarƙashin sarƙa." Amma idan aka mayar da shi aiki da kalmomi, fushi "yana cike da bayanai da kuzari." Wannan gaskiya ne ga ’yan Ukraine: fushin da ya koma aiki ya ƙarfafa juriyarsu.
Yanzu, a 2026, fushin Ukraine yana ƙonewa a ƙasa, aƙalla tsakanin abokaina. Wutar ba za ta iya ɗorewa ba; za ta cinye ka a cikin zafinta mai yawa. Menene ya rage? Gajiya, wofi, da kuma wayewar kaifi cewa duk yadda abubuwa suke da muni yanzu, za su iya zama muni. "Ina jin kamar komai zai yiwu—yaƙin nukiliya, komai," Iakovlenko ta gaya mini. "Duk abin da aka rubuta a littattafai da fina-finai a zahiri yana faruwa da mu."
Sasha Dovzhyk, darektan Index, Cibiyar Rubuce-rubuce da Musayar Ukraine, ta ce tana jin "tsantsar ɓacin rai da juriya da ƙudurin gaske da kuma tunawa da yadda yake ji don samun ji da aminci ga wannan ɓangaren kai na baya wanda ya ji fushi." Ta rasa fushi, ta yarda. Fushi da baƙin ciki sun ba ta ƙarfi don rubuta littafinta mai zuwa, Apocalypse Baroque: Tales from Ukraine at War, wanda ya haɗa rubuce-rubuce da tatsuniyoyi da kuzari mai ƙarfi. Wataƙila fushi wani lokaci yana kusantar yankin haɗari na tatsuniyoyi, ga halakar Achilles. Amma idan za ka iya horar da wannan dokin daji, zai iya ɗauke ka—na ɗan lokaci.
Charlotte Higgins ita ce babbar marubuciyar al’adu ta Guardian kuma marubuciyar Ukrainian Lessons: Art in a Time of War, wanda Jonathan Cape ya buga. Don tallafawa Guardian, yi odar kwafinka a guardianbookshop.com.
A ranar Laraba 30 ga Satumba, haɗa kai da Charlotte Higgins da gungun mashahuran marubutan Ukraine don bincika zurfafan alaƙa tsakanin yaƙi, fasaha, da rayuwa. Tare da Olia Hercules, Sasha Dovzhyk, da Olesya Khromeychuk. Yi siyan tikiti anan.
Tambayoyin da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa bisa jigon labarin da aka rubuta cikin yanayi na halitta tare da bayanai masu sauƙi
Tambayoyi na Gabaɗaya na Ma’ana
1 Menene babban batun labarin Charlotte Higgins game da fushi
Labarin yana jayayya cewa fushi motsin rai ne mai muhimmanci mai bayar da bayanai lokacin da yake martani ga rashin adalci ko barazana ga ƙimominmu Duk da haka yana zama mai halaka lokacin da ba shi da ma’ana mai tsabta ko kuma ana amfani da shi don tabbatar da zalunci Yaƙin Ukraine yana zama misali mai ƙarfi na duka biyun
2 Yaya labarin yake ayyana fushi mai amfani
Fushi mai amfani martani ne mai haske mai bin ka’ida ga takamaiman laifi Irin wannan fushi ne da ke cewa Wannan ba abin karɓa ba ne kuma yana ƙarfafa ƙarfin hali, haɗin kai, da sha’awar juriya Yana ba da haske game da wanene mai gaskiya da wanene mai laifi
3 Yaya labarin yake ayyana fushi mai cutarwa
Fushi mai cutarwa yawanci martani ne marar tunani, marar ma’ana, ko wanda bai dace da yanayin ba Yana iya koma ga ɓacin rai, ƙiyayya, ko sha’awar ramuwa wanda ke cutar da mutumin da yake ji shi ma kamar wanda aka yi niyya Yana sau da yawa kai ga ayyukan da suka saukar da mu zuwa matakin masu zaluntarmu
4 Me ya sa aka yi amfani da Ukraine a matsayin babban misali a cikin labarin
Ukraine tana ba da nazari na gaske na duniya Fushin mutanen Ukraine game da mamayewar ana ɗaukarsa mai amfani domin kare ƙasarsu da asalinsu ne na gaskiya Misali ne bayyananne na fushi a matsayin ƙarfin motsa wa kyautatawa
Fa’idodi Kyakkyawan Bangaren Fushi
5 Shin fushi na iya zama ƙarfi mai kyau da gaske
Ee Labarin yana nuna cewa fushi na iya zama kamfas na ɗabi’a Yana iya faɗakar da mu ga rashin adalci, ba mu kuzari don yaƙi don canji, da ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ji na haɗin kai da manufa ɗaya tare da wasu waɗanda suke ji haka
6 Yaya fushi ya taimaka wa mutanen Ukraine bisa ga labarin
Ya taimaka musu su shirya, kare ƙasarsu, da kiyaye ƙarfin zuciya a fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa Ya canza girgiza da tsoro zuwa juriya ta gama gari mai ƙuduri Ya kuma ƙarfafa tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa
7 Menene labarin yake nufi lokacin da ya ce fushi na iya kawo haske
A cikin rikici, ƙaƙƙarfan ji na fushin ɗabi’a na iya sauƙaƙa yanayi masu rikitarwa Yana yanke ta cikin ruɗani da shakka, yana bayyana a sarari wane gefe kake a kai da abin da kake yaƙi
