Wata ƙungiyar bincike ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan ruwa ta gano cewa ma'adanai masu mahimmanci kamar lithium, cobalt, da nickel suna zama "man ƙarni na 21," yayin da gaggawar neman waɗannan karafa masu daraja ke zurfafa talauci da haifar da matsalolin lafiyar jama'a a wasu al'ummomin da suka fi rauni a duniya.
Binciken da Cibiyar Ruwa, Muhalli da Lafiya ta Jami'ar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNU-INWEH) ta yi ya kammala cewa karuwar bukatar lithium, cobalt, da nickel—waɗanda ake amfani da su a batura da microchips—yana rage ruwa, yana cutar da noma, kuma yana fallasa al'ummomi ga karafa masu guba masu nauyi.
Masu bincike sun gano cewa a shekarar 2024, an yi amfani da kimanin lita biliyan 456 na ruwa don hako tan 240,000 na lithium. Duk da haka, kaɗan ne daga cikin fa'idodin kuɗi ko ci gaban fasaha daga canjin makamashi mai tsabta ko haɓakar AI ya kai ga al'ummomin da abin ya shafa.
"Ma'adanai masu mahimmanci suna zama man ƙarni na 21 cikin sauri," in ji Kaveh Madani, darektan UNU-INWEH kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Ruwa ta Stockholm ta 2026. "Abin da muke sayarwa a matsayin mafita ga dorewa yana cutar da mutane a wani wuri a duniya. Ta yaya za mu iya kiran canjin kore ko tsabta?"
A cewar Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA), bukatar mahimman ma'adanai na makamashi ya karu sosai a shekarun baya-bayan nan, inda bukatar lithium ta karu da kusan 30% a shekarar 2024. Samar da ƙasa mai wuya ya kusan ninka sau uku tsakanin 2010 da 2023, saboda karuwar bukatar motocin lantarki (EVs) da kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu ƙarfi.
Rahoton ya gano cewa yayin da EVs na iya rage fitar da hayaki ga masu amfani a Arewacin Amurka da Turai, farashin muhalli da lafiya yana kan al'ummomi masu nisa a yankunan hakar ma'adinai na Afirka da Latin Amurka.
Kimanin tan miliyan 700 na sharar gida—wanda zai isa cika motocin shara miliyan 59—an samar da su ta hanyar samar da ƙasa mai wuya a duniya a shekarar 2024. Afirka, wacce ke da kusan 30% na ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a duniya, tana fuskantar mummunar illar muhalli.
A Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da cobalt a duniya, marubutan sun ce hakar ma'adinai ya haifar da gurɓatar koguna da ake amfani da su don sha, kamun kifi, da ban ruwa a yankin hakar ma'adinai na kudu maso gabashin lardin Lualaba.
A cewar rahoton, kusan 64% na mutane a ƙasar ba su da isasshen ruwa a shekarar 2024, yayin da 72% na waɗanda ke kusa da wuraren hakar ma'adinai suka ba da rahoton cututtukan fata, kuma 56% na mata da 'yan mata sun ba da rahoton matsalolin mata.
"Wasu al'ummomi suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya, suna tafiya fiye da mil ɗaya don diban ruwa, yayin da wasu ke tilasta musu barin gidajensu zuwa birane, wanda ke kara tura su cikin talauci," in ji Abraham Nunbogu, wani mai bincike na UNU-INWEH kuma babban marubucin rahoton.
Hakar lithium sau da yawa yana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa da za a zuga daga gishirin ƙasa da kuma ƙafe, yayin da sarrafa sinadarai na sauran ma'adanai masu mahimmanci na iya gurɓata koguna da tafkunan ƙasa.
Gishirin lithium na Latin Amurka—wuraren gishiri masu tsayi waɗanda suka shimfiɗa a Argentina, Bolivia, da Chile—yana ɗauke da wasu manyan ma'adanai na ƙarfe a duniya. Waɗannan kuma wasu daga cikin mafi bushewar yanayin muhalli a duniya.
A yankin Uyuni na Bolivia, wasu al'ummomi ba za su iya noman quinoa da aminci ba. A gishirin Atacama na Chile, inda lithium da sauran hakar ma'adinai ke da kashi 65% na amfani da ruwa na yanki, tafkuna suna bushewa.
"Waɗannan gishirin wurare ne na gargajiya na wasu ƴan asalin ƙasar. Tattalin arzikinsu na noma da kiwo ya lalace ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai mai tsanani." José Aylwin, mai kula da aikin lithium da haƙƙin ɗan adam a ABC—wani shiri na bincike kan iyakoki da ke bin diddigin tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli na hakar lithium a Argentina, Bolivia, da Chile—ya ce, "Hakar gishirin da kuma ƙarancin ruwa yana faruwa a cikin abin da ya riga ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi bushewar yanayin muhalli a Duniya."
Duba hoto cikin cikakken allo: Gishirin lithium a wani ma'adinai a hamadar Atacama ta Chile, inda ake zuga ruwan ƙasa mai yawa daga ƙasa kuma a ƙafe shi a wani yanki mai bushewa. Hoton: Anadolu/Getty
"Kamar yadda rahoton ya nuna, akwai bukatar gaggawa don matsawa daga bin son rai zuwa ƙa'idodin dacewa na tilas na ƙasa da ƙasa."
Masu bincike na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun yi kashedin cewa ana sa ran lalacewar za ta kara muni saboda samar da lithium dole ne ya karu da sau tara nan da 2040—IEA ta kiyasta sau takwas—yayin da hakar cobalt da nickel dole ne ya ninka don cimma burin yanayi.
Marubutan sun ce ana bukatar ƙa'idodin duniya masu ɗaurewa bisa doka kan hakar ma'adanai, ƙarin tsauraran matakai kan sharar guba da gurɓatar ruwa, da kuma sa ido mai zaman kansa kan amfani da ruwa da gurɓatar ƙarfe mai nauyi don daidaita masana'antu.
Duba hoto cikin cikakken allo: Wani mazaunin tsibirin Obi a Arewacin Maluku, Indonesia, a cikin wani tafkin da ya taɓa zama tushen ruwa mai tsabta ga mutanen ƙauyen har sai sharar ma'adinan nickel ta gurɓata shi. Hoton: AF Pramadhani/Guardian
Ba tare da babban gyara ba, canjin kore yana cikin haɗarin maimaita tsarin hakar mai—wadatar da ƙasashe masu arziki yayin barin al'ummomi matalauta su ɗauki farashin.
'Dubai na Kudancin Amurka': yadda alkawarin arzikin hakar lithium ya zama ƙura a Bolivia
Kara karantawa
"Mun yi tunanin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu ci gaba ne, kuma yanzu mun fahimci barnar da suka haifar. Don haka muna ƙaddamar da wani juyin juya hali don gyara shi. Amma kuma, nauyin yana kan matalauta. Muna motsa shi daga Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Afirka da Latin Amurka," in ji Madani.
Yayin da rahoton ya nuna mummunan hoto na farashin muhalli na haɓakar hakar ƙasa mai wuya, wasu al'ummomi da gwamnatoci suna tayar da hankali, in ji Thea Riofrancos, masanin kimiyyar siyasa a Kwalejin Providence ta Rhode Island wanda ke nazarin hakar ma'adinai da canjin makamashi.
Zanga-zanga a Argentina da Chile sun kalubalanci ayyukan lithium a gishirin, yayin da Indonesia ta hana fitar da albarkatun ƙasa, gami da ma'adinan nickel.
"Mun ga zanga-zangar adawa da hakar ma'adinai ta zama mai yawa kuma ta fi tsanani a duniya cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata," in ji ta. "Al'ummomi suna tilasta wa gwamnatoci su kula sosai ga farashin hakar ma'adinai."
Tambayoyi da Aka Yi Yawa
Ga jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci da ake kira man ƙarni na 21, wanda ya ƙunshi ma'anoni, matsaloli, da mahallin aiki.
Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko
1 Menene ainihin ma'adanai masu mahimmanci?
Su ne karafa da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci ga fasahohin zamani kamar wayoyin hannu, batura na motocin lantarki, hasken rana, da kayan aikin soja. Misalai sun haɗa da lithium, cobalt, graphite, da abubuwan ƙasa masu wuya.
2 Me yasa ake kiran su sabon mai?
Kamar mai a ƙarni na 20, waɗannan ma'adanai yanzu sune ginshiƙan tattalin arzikin duniya da makamashi mai tsabta. Ƙasashen da ke sarrafa wadatar su za su sami iko mai yawa na tattalin arziki da siyasa, kamar yadda ƙasashe masu arzikin mai suka yi.
3 Ta yaya karuwar bukatar waɗannan ma'adanai ke haifar da talauci?
Hakar ma'adinai sau da yawa tana faruwa a ƙasashe matalauta masu tasowa waɗanda ke da dokoki marasa ƙarfi. Al'ummomin gida na iya zama waɗanda aka raba da ƙasarsu, su rasa gonakinsu, ko samun ƙananan albashi don aiki mai haɗari yayin da ribar ke tafiya ga kamfanoni na waje ko jami'ai masu cin hanci.
4 Ta yaya hakar waɗannan ma'adanai ke haifar da gurɓata?
Hakar su sau da yawa tana haɗa da sinadarai masu guba, amfani da ruwa mai yawa, da hakar ma'adinai a buɗe wanda ke lalata dazuzzuka. Wannan na iya gurɓata koguna da ƙasa shekaru da yawa, yana cutar da mutanen gida da namun daji.
5 Wadanne ƙasashe ne suka fi shafa da wannan matsala?
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Chile da Bolivia, Indonesia, da wasu sassan China da Myanmar sune wasu daga cikin wuraren da suka fi shafa.
Tambayoyi na Matsakaici da Ci gaba
6 Shin hakar ma'adinai don makamashi mai tsabta bai fi kona mai kyau ba? Ba zai taimaka wa muhalli ba?
A ka'ida, eh—motocin lantarki da hasken rana suna rage fitar da carbon. Amma hakar ma'adinai da kansa yana da babban farashin muhalli da ɗan adam. Don haka ciniki ne—muna magance matsala ɗaya yayin da muke haifar da wasu.
7 Wadanne take hakkin ɗan adam ne ke da alaƙa da waɗannan ma'adanai?
A Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, ma'adanai na cobalt na sana'a sun shahara da amfani da aikin yara da yanayi marasa aminci. A Indonesia, hakar nickel ya haifar da kwace ƙasa da mutuwa daga zabtarewar ƙasa. A wurare da yawa, masu hakar ma'adinai suna fuskantar cutar huhu daga ƙura da gubar ƙarfe mai nauyi.
8 Menene la'anar albarkatu kuma shin tana aiki a nan?
Ee. La'anar albarkatu na nufin cewa ƙasashe masu arzikin albarkatu masu daraja sau da yawa suna da ƙarin talauci, cin hanci, da rikici. Maimakon arziki,
