David Hockney, shahararren mai zanen Biritaniya wanda ya canza yadda muke kallon fasahar karni na 20, ya rasu yana da shekaru 88.
Ya yi suna a matsayin mai zanen pop a lokacin shekarun sittin masu kayatarwa, kuma an fi saninsa da zanen wuraren wanka, wanda ya taimaka wajen bayyana kamanni da yanayin Los Angeles. Ayyuka kamar A Bigger Splash da Portrait of an Artist (Pool With Two Figures) sun kama al'amuran jin dadi na soyayya, sha'awa, da hasara a karkashin sararin sama mai zafin rana.
Amma aikin Hockney na tsawon shekaru sittin ya wuce wani zamani guda. Ya kirkiro hotuna masu ban mamaki ta amfani da hada hotuna, ya gwada zanen shimfidar wurare masu siffa, kuma daga baya a rayuwarsa ya binciko yuwuwar yin fasaha ta amfani da sabuwar fasahar 3D.
[Hoto: David Hockney a shekarar 1966. Hoton: Paul Popper/Popperfoto/Getty Images]
Mai zanen fasaha Dame Tracey Emin ta ce tana jin dadi don sanin Hockney, ta kara da cewa: "Babban mai zane kuma mutum mai kyau, wanda da ikon fasaha ya canza yadda muke kallon Biritaniyya. Dan luwadi mai shan taba da alfahari, wanda ya tashi da tuta fiye da kowane mai zanen Biritaniya."
Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Keir Starmer yana cikin wadanda suka fara nuna girmamawa. "Firayim Minista ya yi bakin ciki da jin mutuwar David Hockney, daya daga cikin shahararrun masu zanen Birtaniya," in ji mai magana da yawunsa. "Ayyukansa masu haske, wadanda ake gane su nan take, sun yi tasiri ga tsararrakin masu zane, kuma tunanin Firayim Minista yana tare da abokansa da danginsa."
Wata sanarwa daga wakilan Hockney ta ce: "Shahararren mai zanen Birtaniya David Hockney, daya daga cikin muhimman mutane a fasahar zamani a karni na 20 da na 21, ya rasu lafiya a gida a ranar 11 ga Yuni 2026, wata daya kafin cikarsa shekaru 89."
Ta kara da cewa: "Gadon David Hockney na dindindin yana nuna zurfin sha'awarsa ga rayuwa, kyakkyawan yanayin barkwancinsa, karimcinsa mai yawa, da ruhinsa na bincike da tambaya, wanda aka takaita da kalmar da yake so: Kauna Rayuwa. Bayanan tunawa za su biyo baya a lokacin da ya dace."
Alex Farquharson, darektan Tate Britain na Landan, ya bayyana Hockney a matsayin "mutum mai matukar muhimmanci". "David ya kasance mai zane mai kirkira mara iyaka tare da hangen nesa na musamman game da duniya," in ji Farquharson ga BBC. "Ya kasance koyaushe da gaba gaษi da kansa, duka a aikinsa da kuma a rayuwa. Ya koya mana farin cikin kallo, na ganin abubuwan da sauran mu suka rasa โ abubuwan lura nasa masu wayo da kaifi sun kasance koyaushe a aikinsa da kuma a cikin mutum. Rashin ga duniyar fasaha yana da girma: mutuwar David tana nuna karshen wani aiki na ban mamaki wanda aka ayyana ta hanyar sake kirkira akai-akai."
Tate na shirin gudanar da wani babban nune-nunen ayyukansa a Tate Britain a shekara mai zuwa, da kuma wani shiri na multimedia a Turbine Hall na Tate Modern, kuma ta ce za ta ci gaba da aiki tare da tawagar Hockney don tabbatar da cewa duka biyun sun ci gaba.
Cibiyar Pompidou a Paris, wacce ta yi aiki tare da Hockney a kan manyan nune-nune biyu, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "babu shakka daya daga cikin manyan mutane na fasahar zamani". Ta kara da cewa ayyukan da ya bari a baya sun kasance "masu haske, masu rai, da madawwami".
Ya bar abokin rayuwarsa na dogon lokaci kuma mai rakiya Jean-Pierre Gonรงalves de Lima; dan kaninsa na jini Richard, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakinsa a ษakin zane a shekarunsa na karshe; 'yan uwansa maza Philip da John; da kuma 'ya'yan 'yan'uwa da yawa, jikoki, da jikoki na jini, a cewar mai tallata shi Erica Bolton.
An haife shi a Bradford, West Yorkshire, a shekarar 1937, Hockney shi ne na hudu cikin yara biyar a cikin abin da ya kira "iyali mai aiki mai tsattsauran ra'ayi". Iyayensa sun karfafa basirarsa ta fasaha ta farko. Ya yi karatun fasaha a Kwalejin Bradford kuma ya sayar da zanensa na farko โ hoton mahaifinsa โ akan fam 10 a Nunin Masu Zanen Yorkshire a shekarar 1957.
A matsayinsa na mai kin shiga soja, ya kammala shekaru biyu na hidimar kasa a matsayin mai kula da asibiti kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a Landan a shekarar 1959. Ya yi sauri ya sami suna a matsayin mai basira na musamman, ko da yake yana da halin tawaye. Kin yin zanen rai...Zanen samfurin mace ya kusan hana shi kammala karatu โ ya gabatar da Zanen Rai don Diploma wanda ya nuna siffar namiji mai tsoka da aka kwafa daga mujallar jiki ta Amurka. Hockney kuma ya ki rubuta makalar da ake bukata don jarrabawar karshe, yana ganin ya kamata a yi masa hukunci bisa aikin fasaharsa kawai. RCA, da sanin basirar da take ciyarwa, ta sassauta dokokinta don ba shi diploma.
Wannan ya fara aiki inda Hockney ba shi da matsala wajen kalubalantar al'umma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Zanensa na 1961 We Two Boys Together Clinging, mai suna bayan wakar Walt Whitman, alama ce ta farko ta hakan. Ayyuka daga baya, kamar na 1962 Cleaning Teeth, Early Evening (10pm) W11, tare da bututun Colgate masu siffar azzakari da sarฦoฦi, sun nuna rayuwar 'yan luwadi da gaskiya da budewa wanda ya yi karo da Birtaniyya inda luwadi har yanzu laifi ne na laifi har zuwa 1967.
Tare da gashin kansa mai haske mai bleached, tabarau masu kauri masu zagaye, da sigari a lebbansa, Hockney ya zama abin gani a fagen shagali na shekarun sittin a Landan da Amurka. Ya yi shagali tare da Andy Warhol, Ossie Clark, da Dennis Hopper, yana samun suna a matsayin mai sha'awar mata da mai yawo. Duk da haka, yayin da yake jin dadin rayuwa mai cike da jin dadi na mai shan kwaya, bai taba rasa kyakkyawan aikin sa na Yorkshire ba. Ko da bayan bugun jini a shekarar 2012, wanda ya shafi maganarsa na wani lokaci, ya ci gaba da aiki.
Bayan ya koma LA a tsakiyar shekarun sittin, ayyukansa masu girma da kamewa sun sami yabo saboda iyawarsu na isar da zurfafan motsin rai da hadaddun a kan zane. Man in Shower in Beverly Hills (1964) ya nuna mai zanen yana bugun gudu yayin da yake motsawa zuwa salon gaskiya. A watan Nuwamba 2018, aikin Hockney na 1972, Portrait of an Artist (Pool With Two Figures), ya sayar da dala miliyan 90.3 (fam miliyan 70.2) a Christie's, rikodin duniya ga mai zane mai rai a lokacin. Aikin, wanda aka yi wahayi daga rabuwar Hockney da masoyinsa, ya burge masu suka, ciki har da Jonathan Jones na Guardian, wanda ya bayyana shi a wannan shekarar a matsayin "tsaftataccen soyayya da bakin ciki."
Yayin da yake aiki akan daya daga cikin zanensa na LA, Hockney ya dauki jerin hotuna na tunani tare da kyamarar Polaroid kuma ba da gangan ya shiga mataki na gaba na aikinsa: hada hotuna, ko "joiners" kamar yadda ya kira su. Ta hanyar hada hotuna da yawa tare, Hockney zai iya binciko sha'awarsa game da hangen nesa. Hotunan da ya yi na mahaifiyarsa da dillalin fasaha na Birtaniya John Kasmin sun nuna tasirin cubist mai karfi wanda ya jawo kwatance da gunkinsa, Picasso.
A shekarun baya, Hockney ya yi gwaji a fannoni da yawa na sababbi, ciki har da zanen shimfidar wurare da kayan ado don wasannin opera da ballet. Fasaha mai tasowa ta burge mai zanen: yayin da aikinsa ya ci gaba, fasaharsa ta yi amfani da na'urar kwafin, na'urar fax, na'urar bugawa, da iPad โ wanda ya ba shi damar kirkiro zane-zane na dijital marasa adadi wanda zai aika da farin ciki ga abokai da sanannu. Amma sha'awarsa ta fasaha koyaushe tana komawa ga abu daya: "Ina sha'awar fasaha da ke game da hotuna kawai," in ji shi ga mujallar Interview a shekarar 2013. "Ina sha'awar duk wani abu da ke yin hotuna."
Mai shan taba mai kwadayi a duk rayuwarsa, Hockney ya ci gaba da cewa sigari na da kyau ga lafiyar kwakwalwarsa. Yana rubutu a cikin Guardian a shekarar 2007, ya kira dokar hana shan taba ta Birtaniya mai zuwa "mafi munin aikin injiniya na zamantakewa."
Ya koma Yorkshire daga Los Angeles a shekarar 2005, amma bala'i ya faru a shekarar 2013 lokacin da aka sami gawar mataimakinsa mai shekaru 23 Dominic Elliott a gidansa na Bridlington. Elliott ya sha maganin tsaftace gida bayan ya sha kwayoyi iri-iri na nishadi, ciki har da ecstasy da cocaine. Wani mai binciken laifuka ya yanke hukuncin cewa Elliott ya mutu sakamakon rashin sa'a. Hockney ya ce na wani lokaci, ya yi...Ya yi la'akari da barin fasaha gaba daya saboda ba zai iya zane ba bayan mutuwar Elliott. An yi imanin Hockney ya ki amincewa da sarauta sau da yawa kuma ya taba kin gayyatar zanen hoton sarauniya. Ruhinsa na tawaye ya fito a cikin littafinsa na 2001 Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters, inda ya kalubalanci ra'ayoyi da yawa da aka dade ana yi game da yadda za a iya kirkiro manyan zane-zane na baya. Littafin ya fusata kuma ya farantawa masu suka da masana tarihin fasaha rai.
"Koyar da mutane zane shine koya musu kallo," in ji shi ga Yorkshire Post a shekarar 2018. Kuma babu shakka fasaharsa ta tsara yadda muka ga karni na 20 sosai โ ko da yake ba zai iya ganin haka ba.
"Ba na yin tunani da yawa," in ji shi ga Guardian's Simon Hattenstone a shekarar 2015. "Ina rayuwa yanzu. Koyaushe yanzu ne."
Tambayoyi da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da mutuwar David Hockney da aka rubuta cikin yanayin tattaunawa na halitta tare da amsoshi masu haske da sauki
Tambayoyi Game da Mutuwar David Hockney
1 Shin gaskiya ne cewa David Hockney ya mutu
Ee gaskiya ne David Hockney shahararren mai zanen Birtaniya ya rasu yana da shekaru 88 An tabbatar da labarin mutuwarsa daga wakilansa
2 Menene aka fi sanin David Hockney da shi
An fi saninsa da zane-zanensa masu haske masu launi musamman hotunan wuraren wanka na musamman daga shekarun 1960 da 70 kamar A Bigger Splash Ya kuma shahara da hotunansa biyu da amfani da launuka masu haske
3 Yaya David Hockney ya mutu
A wannan lokacin ba a bayyana dalilin mutuwarsa a bainar jama'a ba Iyalinsa sun nemi sirri don haka muna jiran cikakkun bayanai na hukuma
4 Shin yana ci gaba da aiki har zuwa mutuwarsa
Ee tabbas Hockney ya kasance mai aiki sosai kuma mai samarwa har zuwa karshe Ya kasance yana zane da zane har ma da kirkiro fasahar dijital a kan iPad yana gwada sabbin fasahohi akai-akai
5 Me yasa ake ganin yana da muhimmanci sosai a duniyar fasaha
Ana ganinsa a matsayin gwani a launi kuma babban jigo a motsin Pop Art Ya karya dokoki ta hanyar yin fasaha mai farin ciki da samun dama Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa mai zane zai iya ci gaba da sake kirkiro kansa yana motsawa tsakanin zane da daukar hoto da fasahar dijital cikin sauki
6 Shin ya taba zama a California
Ee ya zauna a Los Angeles na shekaru da yawa A can ne ya kirkiro shahararrun zanensa na wuraren wanka Hasken California mai haske da salon rayuwa sun yi tasiri sosai ga aikinsa
7 Menene alakarsa da Yorkshire Ingila
An haife shi a Bradford Ingila kuma daga baya ya koma ya zauna a Bridlington Yorkshire Ya kirkiro wani shahararren jerin manyan zane-zane masu launi na karkarar Yorkshire yana nuna yanayin yanayi
8 Shin ya taba amfani da iPad don yin fasaha
Ee ya kasance majagaba na fasahar dijital Ya kirkiro daruruwan zane-zane masu kyau masu haske a kan iPhone da iPad nasa yana tabbatar da cewa ana iya yin fasaha da kowane kayan aiki
9 Menene shahararren aikin fasaharsa
Mafi shahara shine watakila
