Babu wata ziyara a Prado a kwanakin nan da za ta cika ba tare da ziyartar daki na 12 na gidan kayan tarihi na Madrid ba, inda babban hoton Diego Velázquez mai suna Las Meninas ke kallonka, yana nuna gimbiya mai shekara biyar da kare mastiff mai barci. Amma shekaru dari biyu da suka wuce, abin da ya zama dole a gani a gidan kayan tarihin da aka bude sabo ba Las Meninas ba ne. Babban aiki ne na misaltuwa da aka yi don tunatar da Mutanen Espanya juriyarsu ta jarumtaka a kan mamayar Napoleon da amincinsu ga Sarki Ferdinand na Bakwai.
Wanda José Aparicio ya zana a shekara ta 1818, El año del hambre de Madrid (Shekarar Yunwa a Madrid) yana nuna gungun mazauna Madrid da ke fama da yunwa da mutuwa, suna kin yarda da burodin da sojojin Faransa suka miqa musu cikin daraja. Ta hanyar zabar mutuwa a kan karɓar taimako daga masu mamayewa—ko da yake 'ya'yansu suna mutuwa kuma sun zama suna tauna ganyen kabeji—suna nuna kishin kasa cikakke, ko da yake yana da mutuwa.
Ko da yake wannan hoton shi ne babban abin jan hankali ga maziyarta a farkon shekarun Prado, daga baya ya fadi daga tagomashin siyasa da fasaha kuma an cire shi daga gidan kayan tarihi. A yau, bayan fiye da shekaru dari da hamsin na yawo—ciki har da lokuta a ma'aikatar gwamnati, majalisar dattawa, da wani gidan kayan tarihi na Madrid—Shekarar Yunwa a Madrid ta dawo gida a karshe.
An zabi zanen a matsayin aiki na farko a cikin sabon jerin nune-nune mai suna Aiki, Labari, wanda ke nufin taimaka wa maziyarta suyi la'akari da zane-zane a cikin mahallin da ya fi fadi. Kamar yadda darektan Prado, Miguel Falomir, ya fada, ra'ayin shine "don karfafa masu kallo su kalli wani aiki wanda, bayan halayensa na kyau, ya taimaka mana muyi tunani a kan bangarorin tarihin fasaha wadanda galibi ba a lura da su."
Tare da Shekarar Yunwa a Madrid, ana gayyatar maziyarta suyi tunani game da manufar farfagandar zanen, tarihinsa na zamantakewa da siyasa, dangantakarsa da Prado da ke canzawa a kan lokaci, da kuma yadda hotunan Francisco Goya na wahalar farar hula suka mamaye aikin Aparicio tun daga baya. A karshen karni na 19, ya zama abin dariya da alamar mummunan dandano.
"Wannan hoton yana da matukar muhimmanci, kuma faduwarsa ta kasance mai ban mamaki," in ji Celia Guilarte Calderón de la Barca, daya daga cikin masu kula da nunin. "Babu matsakaici a nan—ya tafi daga wani matsananci zuwa wani."
Ta kara da cewa tarihin zanen "yana da alaka gaba daya" da sauye-sauyen siyasa da fasaha na Spain.
Aparicio, wanda ya kasance mai zanen kotu ga Ferdinand, ya kirkiro Shekarar Yunwa a Madrid don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da sarkin da aka maido kwanan nan a cikin zukatan mutane—don haka sakon a daya daga cikin ginshikan baya: "Nada sin Fernando" ("Babu kome sai Ferdinand").
Jininsa na kishin kasa a fili, hade da girmamawarsa ga juriyar mutanen Madrid, ya zama abin burgewa nan take. Bai cutar da cewa an ba shi wuri na girmamawa a Gidan Kayan Tarihi na Sarauta na Zane da Sassaƙa, wanda Ferdinand ya kafa kuma daga baya ya zama Prado.
"Kwarewar Aparicio—kuma ya kasance mai dabara da wayo sosai a wannan hanyar—shine ya danganta shi da wani rauni na gama gari na dukan birnin Madrid, inda za a ajiye zanen," in ji Carlos G Navarro, daya daga cikin masu kula da nunin.
"Idan ka duba bayanan daga wadannan shekarun farko, za ka ga cewa mutane sun zo gidan kayan tarihi ba don ganin zane-zanen Raphael da ke rataye a can ba, ba don ganin Las Meninas ba, amma don ganin Shekarar Yunwa," in ji Navarro.
Amma a karshen shekarun 1860, mulkin cikakken iko na Ferdinand ya kare shekaru talatin da suka wuce, Spain tana motsawa zuwa ayyana jamhuriyarta ta farko mai gajeren rai, kuma darektan Prado da aka mayar da shi na kasa, mai zane Antonio Gisbert Pérez, ba mai son aikin Aparicio ba ne. Ba kamar Shekarar Yunwa a Madrid ba, shahararren zanen Gisbert shine Kisan Torrijos da Abokansa. Zanen shine Abokan a Bakin Teku na Málaga, wanda ke girmama jarumtakar wani janar da ya jagoranci mutanensa a kan mulkin zalunci na Ferdinand.
"Yayin da lokaci ke tafiya, zanen [Aparicio] yana rasa ma'anarsa kuma ya fara zama abin dariya—abin dariya mara dandano—kamar duk wanda ya fi son shi a kan sauran ayyukan da ke cikin tarin gidan kayan tarihi," in ji Navarro. Yadda sunan Aparicio ya fadi ya bayyana a fili daga wani littafi na 1879, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya amfani da zanen a matsayin gwajin dandano. "A cewar littafin, alamar farko ta mutum mara dandano shine cewa yana son zuwa Prado don yaba zanen Aparicio," in ji Navarro.
Doguwar gudun hijirar zanen ta fara a shekara ta 1874. Bayan karni da rabi, ayyukan Goya—wadanda aka yi wahayi daga abubuwan da ya shaida na mugayen mamayar Faransa—sun zama mafi shahararrun bayanan fasaha na wancan zamanin.
Duba hoton cikin cikakken allo: Zanen Pablo Picasso na Guernica a nuni a Gidan Kayan Tarihi na Reina Sofia a Madrid a shekara ta 2023. Hoton: Europa Press News/Europa Press/Getty Images
Amma ba haka yake a koyaushe ba. "A wancan lokacin, Shekarar Yunwa a Madrid na daya daga cikin zane-zane mafi zamani," in ji Navarro. "Ya wakilci wani zamani mafi girma fiye da Goya, wanda, a lokacinsa, ana ganinsa a matsayin mai zane mai bin salon gargajiya na gida."
Masu kula da nunin sun ce sabon shirin ba nufin kara shaharar Aparicio ba ne ko gyara wani rashin adalci na da. A maimakon haka, suna fatan zai sa mutane suyi tunani game da yadda dandano, siyasa, da mahalli ke canzawa a kan lokaci. Shekarar Yunwa a Madrid wani bangare ne na dogon al'adar zane-zanen siyasa da yaki na Spain, wanda ya tashi daga Ranar Uku ga Mayu 1808 na Goya, ta hanyar Aparicio, zuwa Kisan Torrijos na Gisbert, har zuwa Guernica na Picasso.
Ko da yake Aparicio bai taba samun shaharar da ta dade kamar yadda Picasso ya yi da kukan sa na yaki ba, Shekarar Yunwa a Madrid ta kasance wani bincike mai ban sha'awa.
"Wannan aikin ya tafi daga kasancewa a kololuwar tarihin fasaha zuwa tura shi cikin sasanninta marasa muhimmanci," in ji Navarro. "Yana nuna daidai yadda dandano ke canzawa, da kuma yadda ra'ayinmu game da dandano—wanda muke tsammani yana da kafewa kuma ba ya canzawa—a zahiri yana canzawa tare da kowane tsara wanda ke kallon zane-zane."
Tambayoyi da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da dawowar zanen Aparicio zuwa Prado da aka rubuta cikin yanayin tattaunawa na halitta
Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko
1 Menene zanen Aparicio
Babban zane ne mai ban mamaki mai suna Shekarar 1808 a Madrid wanda mai zane dan Spain José Aparicio ya kirkira a karni na 19 Yana nuna wani shahararren tawaye a kan sojojin Faransa
2 Me yasa ya bar Gidan Kayan Tarihi na Prado da farko
An kwashe zanen daga babban tarin Prado a karshen karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20 An dauke shi tsohon salo kuma ba shi da daraja kamar sauran ayyuka, don haka aka tura shi wata cibiya daban
3 Me yasa yake dawowa Prado yanzu
Prado yana sake kimanta tarinsa Masu kula yanzu suna ganin zanen a matsayin babban misali na yadda fasaha ke nuna ra'ayoyin siyasa da zamantakewa na lokacinsa Sun yi imani ya cancanci a sake ganinsa
4 Ta yaya wannan ke nuna cewa dandanon mutum yana canzawa a kan lokaci
A cikin shekarun 1800 wannan zanen ya shahara sosai saboda yana murnar wani lamari na kishin kasa Daga baya mutane sun fi son fasaha mai zamani da gwaji, don haka zanen ya fadi daga tagomashi Yanzu muna sake jin dadinsa saboda muhimmancinsa na tarihi da ba da labari, ba salon sa kawai ba
5 Shin zanen yana cikin yanayi mai kyau
Ee an gyara shi kuma an tsabtace shi Launuka da cikakkun bayanai sun fi haske da tsabta fiye da da, yana sa ya zama mai sauki a ga dalilin da yasa ya kasance abin da jama'a ke so
Tambayoyi na Matakin Tsakiya
6 Wane salo ne zanen Aparicio kuma me yasa aka dauke shi mara kyau
An zana shi da salon Neoclassical—mai tsari sosai, daidai, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Zuwa farkon karni na 20, masu son fasaha sun fi son Impressionism, Expressionism, da salon da ba na zahiri ba, don haka irin wannan zanen jaruntaka na ilimi ya zama mai tauri da tsohon salo
7 Menene zanen yake nunawa a zahiri
Yana nuna kisan fararen hula na Mutanen Espanya da sojojin Faransa suka yi a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1808 Ba kamar shahararren zanen Goya na tashin hankali na wannan lamari ba, sigar Aparicio tana da tsari sosai, tare da bayyanannun jarumai da mugaye, kusan kamar an shirya shi
Komawar zanen Aparicio zuwa Prado yana nuna yadda dandanon mutane ke canjawa a tsawon lokaci.
