Na kan shafe lokaci mai yawa a shagunan kyauta na gidajen tarihi, kuma ko a ina nake a duniya, koyaushe ina cin karo da Frida Kahlo. Fuskarta tana ko'ina—a kan safa, tsana, wasanin gwada kai, kwalaben ruwa, matashin kai, kayan ado, kofuna, kwandon kwai, jakar waya, jakar siyayya, kyandirori, littattafan rubutu, maɓallan makulli—ainihin kowane samfur da za a iya yi ko buga da hoto.
An sauƙaƙa fuskarta zuwa wasu siffofi da ake iya gane su: gira guda, jan lebe, da babban rawani na furanni (galibi ana barin gashin lebe na sama da ake iya gani). Rayuwar Kahlo da aikinta kuma an cire musu rikitarwa. Littattafan yara da littattafan fasaha na shahararru suna tsabtace labarinta, suna mayar da shi labari mai ban sha'awa na ƙarfi a fuskar ciwon jiki, girman kai game da asalinta, da fasaha da ke cin nasara kan wahala. An rage ta zuwa mutum mai kyau amma mai bakin ciki.
Nunin Tate Modern, wanda aka buɗe a farkon wannan watan, ana kiransa Frida: The Making of an Icon, kuma matsayinta yanzu kusan kamar na waliyyi ne na duniya. Ina damuwa cewa ainihin Kahlo mai rikitarwa—wadda ta kasance mai kaifi da rashin ladabi, mai yawan amfani da kwayoyi, mai yawan sha, mai kwarkwata, kuma 'yar gurguzu mai himma—an shafe ta. Amma Beatriz García-Velasco, mai shirya nunin Tate, ta ce: "Bai kamata mu nemi afuwa ba game da ra'ayin cewa Frida ta kasance mai isa ga kowa kuma mai ban sha'awa. Yana nuna nau'ikan masu fasaha da al'ummomi da yawa da ta yi wahayi: fasahar Chicana/o, ƙungiyoyin mata, fasahar nakasassu, al'adun 'yan luwadi, da mutane a duk faɗin duniya waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce tasu."
Nunin Tate ba bayyani mai sauƙi ba ne. Ana nuna aikin Kahlo tare da na takwarorinta da masu fasaha na baya waɗanda ta yi wahayi. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Rio Yañez, mai zanen hoto wanda ke zana "Ghetto Frida," hali mai jarfa da ke cewa "Diego" a wuyanta da "Trotsky" a ƙarƙashin hammata. Yañez ya ce, "Na yi amfani da Ghetto Frida don yin ba'a game da yadda aka mayar da Frida kasuwanci kuma in yi wa duniyar fasaha hari a lokaci guda." Wani bugu na gargajiya na Kahlo ya rataye a bangon gidan Yañez a yankin Bay Area na San Francisco, "kamar yadda yake a gidajen mutanen Chicano da yawa, masu fasaha, masu ra'ayin hagu, 'yan luwadi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, da 'yan Mexico."
Nunin kuma yana duban babban ra'ayi na Fridamania, gami da manyan tarurruka na masu kama da Kahlo da aikin hoto na jama'a na Camila Fontenele de Miranda Todos Podem Ser Frida (Kowa na iya zama Frida, 2012–20), wanda ya gayyaci baƙi zuwa abubuwan al'adu a Brazil don yin ado da yadudduka masu zane da rawanin furanni. García-Velasco ta ce, "Kasuwancin hotonta yana da alaƙa da jari-hujja da ciniki, amma kuma ana iya ganinsa a matsayin nau'i na mallakar dimokuradiyya—hanya ce ga mutane a ko'ina don su mallaki Frida ta zahiri da ta alama."
Ba ta tsammanin wasu samfuran da ke da hoton mai zanen suna da ɗan ... shakku? García-Velasco ta yarda cewa lamarin ba "ba tare da sabani ba," tana nuna Frida Barbie da aka saki a 2018 wadda aka soki sosai. Wannan tsana ta nuna mai zanen—wadda ke da asalin 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa kuma tana yawan amfani da keken guragu—a matsayin mace mai farar fata, mara nakasa, mai cire gira.
Tana ganin "tashin hankali mai amfani" tsakanin waɗannan samfuran kasuwa masu tsabta da "abubuwan ibada na hannu waɗanda ke girmama Kahlo a matsayin Santa Frida: nichos [dioramas na ibada], ex-votos [sadaka na alwashi], da siffofi na calaca [kwarangwal]. Waɗannan duk suna wakiltar wani nau'i na mallaka daban—wanda yake na ibada maimakon kasuwanci, kuma yana da tushe a cikin al'ummomin da Frida take da muhimmanci a gare su."Ta kasance alamar juriya da asali. Ibadar da Kahlo ke yi wa wahayi ta fito ne daga yadda take jin kamar ta zamani—ko a cikin mayar da hankalinta kan asali ko kuma a cikin bincikenta na abubuwan da ta fuskanta a matsayin mace. Hotunan ta na bayyana ciwo da ɓacin rai a fili suna da alaƙa da yanayin yau na bayyana kai. Ta fara zane a ƙarshen shekarunta na samartaka bayan wani hatsarin bas da ya lalata kashin bayanta da ƙashin gindi sosai. A cikin wani zane na farko, The Accident (1926), ta yi tunanin hatsarin: kewaye da gawarwaki, nata jikin da aka ɗaure yana kwance a kan shimfiɗa a gaba, yana kallon ta da siffarta mara kai.
A cikin zane mai ƙarfin hali Henry Ford Hospital (1932), ta nuna kanta tana zubar da jini a kan gadon asibiti bayan zubar da ciki, kewaye da zane-zane na jiki, injuna, da alamomin sirri. Baƙin cikin dangantakarta mai tashin hankali da Diego Rivera yana bayyana a kan zane. Akwai hotunan kai masu cike da baƙin ciki da aka yanke gashin kanta, da kuma hotonta na mugunyar mutuwa ta hanyar yankan dubu—A Few Small Nips (1935)—inda wani mutum sanye da hula ya tsaya a hankali a kan gawar mace da aka yayyage.
Duk wannan yana magana ga Tracey Emin, wadda aikinta kuma yana nunawa a Tate Modern. "Mata za su iya danganta da ita," ta ce; Kahlo "ta yi hotunan kanta tana zubar da jini a cikin baho, na 'ya'yan da ba a haifa ba suna fitowa daga gare ta, da hotunan danginta da masoyanta." Emin ta gano Kahlo a matsayin ɗaliba kuma ta ƙirƙiri wani zane da aka yi wahayi daga hoton mai zanen Mexico na bishiyar danginta. A matsayin girmamawa, a 2002, mai daukar hoto Mary McCartney ta ɗauki Emin sanye da cikakkiyar Frida. Tana kwance a gado, kamar yadda Kahlo ta kasance a rayuwa mai alama da rauni da rashin lafiya, hoton yanzu yana kama da nuna rashin lafiyar Emin.
Fasahar tana nan, ana ƙaunarta, amma har zuwa wani lokaci, an rufe ta da mutumtaka. A lokacin rayuwarta, fasahar Kahlo da asalin da ta ƙirƙira a matsayin al'ada ta zama ɗaya. Ta shiga idon jama'a tana da shekara 22 a matsayin matar Diego Rivera, ta mayar da kanta hali—sarauniya mai rawani na ƙwanƙwasa, sanye da beads na Aztec da rigar Tehuana na gargajiya—kuma a cikin wannan kamannin take rayuwa.
An yi ta wasa da Salma Hayek a cikin wani fim na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a matsayin hali mai tallafawa a cikin littafin Barbara Kingsolver game da rashin haƙuri na siyasa, The Lacuna. Har ma ta yi wahayi ga wasan opera. A farkon wannan shekara, Metropolitan Opera a New York ta shirya El Último Sueño de Frida y Diego na mawaki Gabriela Lena Frank da marubucin rubutun Nilo Cruz. Labarin yana faruwa shekaru uku bayan mutuwar Kahlo, yayin da ta dawo duniya na sa'o'i 24 a lokacin bikin Día de Muertos: damar rayuwa rana ba tare da ciwon jiki ba kuma ta ɗauki Rivera zuwa lahira tare da ita. Kamar yadda Kingsolver ta lura, Kahlo da Rivera sun kasance "biyu daga cikin shahararrun masu fasaha na farko a Arewacin Amurka."
Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman dangantaka a rayuwar Kahlo ita ce da kyamara. Mahaifinta, Guillermo Kahlo, mai daukar hoto ne; a matsayinta na yaro, ta koyi yadda ake tsayawa da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Wata abota ta farko da mai daukar hoto dan Italiya Tina Modotti ta gabatar da Kahlo ga ra'ayin cewa za ta iya rayuwa 'yanci, zamani a matsayin mai fasaha. A halin yanzu, masoyinta na dogon lokaci Nickolas Muray, majagaba na daukar hoto mai launi, ya ɗauki kyamara bayan aiki a matsayin mai wasan takobi na Olympics. Kahlo ta yaba masa sosai har, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin yawancin tatsuniyoyinta, ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da asalin Yahudawa-Hungary don dacewa da nasa.Marubuta, tare da duk labaran da dole ne a karanta da ginshiƙai, ana isar da su zuwa akwatin saƙon ku kowane karshen mako.
Preview na sabon
Shigar da imel ɗin ku
Yi rajista
Bayan tallan jarida
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
Duo na wasan kwaikwayo Las Yeguas del Apocalipsis a cikin Las dos Fridas. Hoton: Malba Foundation, Museum of Latin American Art of Buenos Aires/Yeguas del Apocalipsis/Tate Collection
A gaskiya, mahaifin Kahlo Bajamushe ne kuma daga asalin Furotesta. An haife shi Carl Wilhelm Kahlo a Pforzheim a 1871. Sunanta ya zama sananne a gare mu yanzu har yana da sauƙi a manta cewa matar da ta zama alamar asalin Mexico tana da sunan Jamus. Mutane sun lura da wannan a lokacin rayuwarta: tare da Hitler a mulki a shekarun 1930, wani lokaci tana amfani da ɗayan sunanta na tsakiya, Carmen, maimakon (an haifi Kahlo Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón).
Ko da yake ta kan zana kanta sau da yawa, tun mutuwarta a 1954 tana da shekara 47, hoton Kahlo na shaharar ya fi fitowa daga hotuna masu launi da Muray ya ɗauka (waɗanda suke da kyau kawai) maimakon hotunan kanta (waɗanda galibi suna da rikitarwa da zafi).
Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran farko da aka yi da yawa da ke nuna kamanninta shine bugu na silkscreen na 1975 na Rupert García mai suna Frida Kahlo (Septiembre). An fara bugawa da sayarwa a yankin Bay Area na San Francisco, ya gabatar da Kahlo a matsayin alama ga al'ummomin Chicano da suka fito daga yunkurin kare hakkin jama'a na shekarun 1960. (Wannan ita ce fosta da ta rataye a gidan Yañez yayin da yake girma.) García ya kafa bugunsa a kan hoton 1939 na Muray – Frida with Magenta Rebozo – kuma ya yi amfani da ruwan hoda mai zafi na shawl dinta a matsayin launi na baya don hotonsa.
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
Yasumasa Morimura's An Inner Dialogue with Frida Kahlo. Hoton: Yasumasa Morimura/Luhring Augustine, New York and Yoshiko Isshiki Office, Tokyo.
A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, yunkurin mata ya rungumi Kahlo. An yi mata bikin a matsayin mai fasaha da ta zana gaskiyarta, wadda shahararta a lokacin rayuwarta ta kasance a rufe da mijinta mafi shahara. A watan Maris 1979, mai fasaha Mary Beth Edelson ta shirya wani liyafa a ɗakinta na New York don gabatar da Ana Mendieta ga yanayin fasahar mata na birnin. Tufafin liyafar shine "zo a matsayin mai fasahar da kuka fi so," kuma baƙi sun haɗa da Louise Bourgeois (wadda ta zo sanye da kanta) da Hannah Wilke. Mendieta ta yi ado kamar Kahlo: a cikin hoto daga taron, tana zaune a ƙasa a gaban ƙungiyar, gashin kanta da aka ƙulla da ribbons, giraren ta da aka zana a siffar hummingbird. A lokacin, aikin Kahlo har yanzu ba a san shi sosai ba kuma ba a nuna shi a duniya ba.
Wannan ya canza a 1982, lokacin da mai ra'ayin mata Laura Mulvey ta shirya wani nunin aikin Frida Kahlo da Tina Modotti a Whitechapel Gallery a gabashin London. Shi ne binciken farko na aikin Kahlo a wajen Mexico, kuma tasirinsa ya kasance babba: ga wata mace mai fasaha da ta kasance tana ƙirƙirar ayyuka game da haihuwa, zubar da ciki, rashin haihuwa, rashin lafiya, asali, da ɓacin rai a shekarun 1930 da 1940. Shekara mai zuwa, littafin tarihin rayuwa mafi kyawun siyarwa na Hayden Herrera ya buga. Tare, littafin da nunin sun haifar da Fridamania. Kamar don tabbatar da sabon matsayin Kahlo na tauraro, Madonna ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai sha'awa kuma ta sayi zane-zane da yawa.
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
I Belong to Samuel Fastlicht (1951), ɗaya daga cikin yawancin kacici-kacici na 'ya'yan itace da Kahlo ta zana a wannan shekara. Hoton: Private Collection
Yana da mahimmanci cewa a cikin shahararta bayan mutuwa, Frida "hali" ta koma cikin idon jama'a a kusan lokaci guda da zane-zanenta suka isa ga masu sauraro da yawa waɗanda ba su taɓa samu ba a lokacin rayuwarta. Wataƙila fiye da kowane mai fasaha, duka a lokacin rayuwarta da bayanta, fasaharta da mutumtaka sun zama ba za a iya raba su ba.
'Shin gaskiya ne ta jefa bam a makarantarta?' Makon farin ciki na a cikin sawun Frida Kahlo
Karanta ƙarin
Duk da an ɗaukaka ta zuwa waliyyi na zamani na duniya, Kahlo ba waliyyi ba ce a rayuwa ta gaske. Tare da jarumtaka ta sirri da fasaha mai ƙarfin hali, yana da mahimmanci a tuna da cikakken hoto.Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa Frida ta yi fama da shakkar kai da rashin jin daɗi game da aikinta, kuma tana iya yi wa mutanen da take ƙauna rashin kyau. Idan muna tsammanin mutanen da muke sha'awar su zama cikakku kuma ba su da aibu, muna sa ranmu ga rashin jin daɗi. Idan akwai abu ɗaya da fasahar Kahlo ta koya mana, shi ne kada mu guji bincika mafi rikitarwa da ƙalubale na rayuwa.
Frida: The Making of an Icon yana a Tate Modern, London, har zuwa 3 ga Janairu. Hettie Judah ita ce marubucin Lives of the Artists: Frida Kahlo (Laurence King Publishing).
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da ɓangaren Frida Kahlo da ba a san shi ba, wanda ke mai da hankali kan halayenta, siyasarta, da gwagwarmayarta ta sirri
Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko
1 Wanene Frida Kahlo
Frida Kahlo ta kasance shahararriyar mai zanen Mexico da aka sani da hotunan kanta da salon fasahar jama'a mai haske Hakanan an san ta da aurenta mai tashin hankali da mai zanen bango Diego Rivera
2 Menene sigar Frida ta shagon kyauta ta bar
Sigar shagon kyauta ta shahara tana tsabtace Frida Galibi tana mai da hankali kawai kan rigunanta masu launi, giranta, da ciwonta, yayin da take barin shan giya mai yawa, bakinta mara kyau, da sadaukarwarta ga gurguzu
3 Shin Frida Kahlo ta kasance mai yawan shan giya
E Ta kasance sananniya da shan tequila da brandy da yawa Ta kan yi amfani da giya don magance ciwon jiki na yau da kullun da ɓacin rai, musamman a lokacin rabuwarta da Diego Rivera
4 Menene ma'anar cewa ta kasance 'yar gurguzu mai himma
Frida ta kasance memba mai himma na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Mexico ta rayu Ta yi imani da akidar Marxist, ta goyi bayan Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ta ga fasaharta a matsayin kayan aiki don juyin juya halin siyasa da adalci na zamantakewa ga masu aiki
5 Me yasa ake ɗaukar Frida a matsayin mara ladabi
Ta kasance sananniya da kai tsaye, rashin ladabi, da harshe mai kaifi Ta kan yi rantsuwa da yawa, ta ba da labarai masu batsa, kuma ba ta jin tsoron zagin mutanen da ba ta so, gami da masu ba da kuɗi masu arziki da masu fasaha
Tambayoyi Masu Zurfi
6 Yaya shan giyarta ya shafi fasaharta da dangantakarta
Shan giyarta ya ƙara haifar da dangantaka mai tashin hankali da Diego Rivera, yana haifar da faɗa mai ƙarfi Hakanan ya ba da gudummawa ga halayenta mara tsari a liyafa da abubuwan zamantakewa A shekarunta na baya, shan giyar ya ƙara tsananta lafiyarta ta jiki kuma wataƙila ya rinjayi motsin rai mai zafi a cikin hotunan kanta na baya
7 Shin Frida Kahlo 'yar Stalin ce ko 'yar Trotsky
Wannan bambanci ne mai mahimmanci Duk da yake ta kasance 'yar gurguzu, da farko ta kasance 'yar Stalin Duk da haka, ita da Diego daga baya suka karbi Leon Trotsky a gidanta Bayan kisan Trotsky, an kama ta na ɗan lokaci Siyasarta ta kasance ta motsin rai da alama fiye da na ka'ida, amma ta kasance 'yar gurguzu mai aminci har mutuwarta.
