Sakamakon Faransa ya kasance mafi muni da suka taɓa samu. Na Jamus ma haka. A Netherlands, maki ma sun faɗi zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci na kowane lokaci. Ko a Finland, wadda aka daɗe ana yabonta a matsayin ƙwararriyar Turai a fannin ilimi kuma jagora a duniya shekaru da dama, sakamakon ya faɗi sosai.
Sakamakon Pisa na 2025, wanda ke auna yadda yara ’yan shekara 15 za su iya amfani da abin da suka koya a makaranta a yanayin karatu, lissafi da kimiyya na rayuwar yau da kullum, ya girgiza wasu manyan cibiyoyin ilimi na yammacin Turai. Yayin da Birtaniya ta saba wa yanayin, sakamako a nahiyar ya ci gaba da raguwa da ya fara a 2018. A Faransa, Jamus, Netherlands da Finland, adadin yara ’yan shekara 15 da ba su da ƙwarewar karatu da lissafi na asali ya haura kusan ɗaya cikin uku.
Asarar ilmantarwa na annobar cutar ta hanzarta faɗuwar, amma masana ilimi sun ce matsalar ta yi zurfi sosai: ƙarancin malamai da aka daɗe ana fama da shi, sauye-sauyen manhajoji da aka yi ta maimaitawa waɗanda suka yi watsi da ƙwarewar asali, da kuma rashin daidaito da ke ƙaruwa a cikin tsarin makarantu da ke ƙara rarrabuwa. A kan haka, yawan amfani da wayar hannu ya rage tsawon lokacin mai da hankali sosai, ya maye gurbin “karatu mai zurfi” da zazzagewa, kuma ƙwazon ɗalibai ya rushe.
Ɗalibai a Jamus sun sami takardar rahoton Pisa mafi muni da suka taɓa samu, wanda ya sake buɗe muhawara da ta daɗe shekaru da dama game da raunin ƙasar a makarantu, haɗa kai da rufe gibin arziki. Samuel Greiff, mai gudanar da binciken Pisa na Jamus, ya lura da ƙaruwar mai ban tsoro a yawan matasa da ba su da ƙwarewar asali da ake buƙata don zama ɗan ƙasa da samun aiki, gami da iya fahimtar rubutaccen bayani da yin lissafin mabukaci mai sauƙi.
Binciken ya gano cewa a cikin babbar tattalin arzikin Turai, alaƙa tsakanin aikin karatu da matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tana da ƙarfi musamman: kashi 2% kawai na ɗalibai daga iyalai masu ƙaramin kuɗi ne ke kaiwa manyan matakan ƙwarewa, idan aka kwatanta da 25% daga iyalai masu ƙarin kuɗi – alaƙar da ta ninka ta Denmark ko Norway sau biyu.
“Wasu ƙasashe sun fi samun nasara sosai wajen raba nasarar ilimi da asalin iyali,” in ji Greiff ga kafofin watsa labarai na gida, yana mai lura cewa aji yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan nasarar karatun matasa fiye da ko iyalinsu ya yi ƙaura.
Jamus ta fuskanci “girgizar Pisa” ta farko a 2000, lokacin da ƙarancin kima da rahoton ya bayar ya haifar da ƙoƙari na ƙasa baki ɗaya don inganta aiki. Rahoton 2012 ya nuna ingantaccen ci gaba, wanda ya sanya ƙasar sama da matsakaicin OECD. Amma bugu na 2025 ya nuna Jamus ta koma matsakaici, inda kusan ɗaya cikin huɗu na ɗalibai ba su da ƙwarewa a kimiyyar halitta kuma ɗaya cikin uku a karatu da lissafi. Kusan ɗaya cikin biyar ya nuna rashin isassun ƙwarewa a dukkan fannonin uku.
Adadin matasa da ake ɗauka “cikin haɗari” saboda ba su da ƙwarewar karatu da lissafi da ake buƙata don ƙarin ilimi ya ninka cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, kuma karatu don jin daɗi ya ragu da sauri a Jamus fiye da sauran ƙasashen masana’antu: ɗaya cikin biyu na yara ’yan shekara 15 sun ce suna karatu ne kawai idan an buƙata.
Abin mamaki, ɗalibai daga unguwannin da suka fi samun gata ta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sun sami raguwa mafi girma a fahimtar karatu. Ministar ilimi Karin Prien ta ce rahoton yana buƙatar martani cikin gaggawa, tana mai nuna mummunan tasirin yawan amfani da kafofin sada zumunta da yin alkawarin gabatar da sabbin matakai don kare ƙananan yara nan da ƙarshen shekara.
A Netherlands, makin ya nuna mafi ƙasƙanci na tarihi, yana kafa sabbin tarihin da ke da damuwa a ilimin karatu, inda rikodin kashi 39% na yara ’yan shekara 15 yanzu ba su da ƙwarewar asali da ake buƙata don tafiya cikin al’ummar zamani, tantance amincin majiyoyi ko sarrafa rubutu mai shafuka da yawa, daga 33% a bugu na 2022 da ya gabata.
Masu bincike sun lura cewa makin karatun Dutch ya faɗi da fiye da maki 60 cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, ma’ana yara ’yan shekara 15 na yau suna karatu ne a matakin da yara ’yan shekara 12 suka samu shekaru 10 da suka wuce. Raguwar ba ta da yawa a lissafi, inda ɗaliban Dutch suka taɓa mamaye martabar Turai, amma har yanzu ya nuna mafi ƙasƙanci na tarihi wanda ya ɗan wuce matsakaicin OECD, yayin da makin kimiyya ma ya kasance ƙasa da matakinsa na baya.
Ma’aikatar ilimi ta Dutch ta yi alkawarin ɗaukar mataki cikin gaggawa, tana mai yarda da cewa kimanin “Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa raguwarmu ba ɗan lokaci ba ne na bayan annoba amma matsala ce ta tsari. Ba za mu iya yarda da al’ummar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku na matasanmu suke barin makaranta ba tare da iya karatu sosai don rayuwar yau da kullum ba.” Ƙungiyoyin malamai da masu fafutukar karatu, duk da haka, sun amsa da takaici. Ƙungiyar malamai ta AOb ta yi jayayya cewa matakan karatu ba za su taɓa inganta ba muddin “ana soke azuzuwa akai-akai, ma’aikatan da ba su cancanta suna cike gibin, kuma nauyin aiki yana korar ƙwararrun malamai daga sana’ar.” Ƙungiyar fafutukar karatu ta Stichting Lezen ta ƙara da cewa gazawar ba “ta ɗalibai ba ce, amma ta hanyar da ta mayar da karatu jerin dabarun fahimta na inji maimakon haɓaka ɗabi’un karatu mai zurfi.” A Faransa, makin ma ya kasance mai muni. “Abin damuwa ne, amma abin takaici ba abin mamaki ba ne,” in ji Édouard Geffray, ministar ilimi. Marine Le Pen, ’yar takarar shugaban ƙasa ta hannun dama mai tsattsauran ra’ayi, ta kira sakamakon a matsayin “bala’i” da kuma nuni ga koma bayan ƙasar. Masu sharhi kan ilimi na Faransa sun daɗe suna gargaɗi game da rashin jarin gwamnati, musamman a makarantun firamare, da kuma tsarin da bai da daidaito sosai inda matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ke ƙayyade sakamako, yayin da gwamnatoci suka kan tunkari gazawar ilimi ta hanyar muhawara kan jadawalin lokaci da sa’o’i nawa yara ke zama a kan teburinsu. Cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, maye gurbin ministocin ilimi takwas daban-daban ya haifar da sauye-sauye da juyar da manufofi akai-akai, wanda ya bar malamai suna jin damuwa fiye da koyarwa a aji saboda tarin umarni. Albashin tsakiyar aiki, a halin yanzu, ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaicin OECD, kuma wani sabon rahoto ya gano cewa kashi 4% kawai na malaman Faransa ne ke jin ana daraja su. Éric Charbonnier, masanin ilimi na OECD, ya yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a mayar da hankali daga muhawara kan sa’o’in zama a kan tebur zuwa ƙarin ’yancin cin gashin kai don bincika hanyoyin koyarwa, da ƙarin horo mai mayar da hankali kan hanya. A Finland, matsakaicin sakamako ya kasance ƙasa da na 2022 a lissafi da karatu, kuma ya tsaya tsayin daka a kimiyya. Dr Arto K Ahonen, manajan ayyukan ƙasa na Pisa a Cibiyar Binciken Ilimi ta Finland, ya ce sakamakon ya haifar da tattaunawa mai tsanani kan juriya da ƙoƙarin ɗalibai. “Manufar ita ce mu juya raguwar kuma mu koma kan yanayin haɓaka,” in ji Ahonen. “A halin yanzu, muna gane raguwar gama gari da muke cikinta.” Ahonen ya lura cewa tsarin Finland bai ga “wani babban canji a tsarin iliminmu cikin shekaru 50 ba,” yana mai gargaɗi cewa “dole ne a sabunta manhajoji yayin da lokaci da al’umma ke canzawa. Ba abin da zai yiwu wani tsarin makaranta ya yi aiki da manhajoji iri ɗaya shekaru da dama, ko da mai nasara ne.” A maƙwabciyar Sweden, sakamako mafi ƙasƙanci na tarihi ya haifar da zazzafar muhawara ta siyasa gabanin zaɓukan kwanan nan, inda shugabannin jam’iyyu suka dora laifi kan komai daga allon waya zuwa ƙaura da rashin isassun ma’aikatan koyarwa. Amma masana sun ce babu wani bayani guda. A cikin rahotonta kan sabbin maki, Skolverket, hukumar ilimi ta ƙasa, ta ce an riga an fara wasu canje-canje da nufin ƙarfafa ilimin ɗalibai da rawar da malamai ke takawa a aji wajen ƙirƙirar “yanayi mafi aminci da daidaito”.
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi Shugabannin Ilimi na Turai Sun Girgiza da Raguwar Maki a Wani Bincike na Duniya
1 Wane bincike na duniya muke magana akai
Shi ne Shirin Kima na Ƙasashen Duniya na Ɗalibai wanda OECD ke gudanarwa Yana gwada yara ’yan shekara 15 a karatu lissafi da kimiyya duk bayan shekaru uku a cikin ƙasashe da dama
2 Me ya faru daidai
Ƙasashe da dama na Turai sun ga makinsu ya faɗi a sabon sakamakon PISA A wasu lokuta raguwar ta kasance mafi girma tun da aka fara binciken
3 Yaya girman raguwar ya kasance
Ya bambanta da ƙasa amma ƙasashe da dama sun faɗi da maki mai lamba biyu a lissafi da karatu Wasu sun faɗi zuwa matakan da ba a gani ba cikin kusan shekaru ashirin
4 Waɗanne ƙasashe aka fi shafa
Ƙasashe kamar Jamus Faransa Netherlands da Finland sun ga raguwa mai yawa Ko waɗanda suka kasance ƙwararru a al’ada ba a bar su ba
5 Me ya sa shugabannin ilimi suka damu sosai
Domin ana kallon makin PISA a matsayin takardar rahoto kan yadda makarantun ƙasa ke shirya ɗalibai don gaba Babban faɗuwa yana tayar da ƙararrawa game da gasa da daidaito
6 Me ke haddasa raguwar
Babu wani dalili guda Masana sun nuna rufe makarantu na COVID ƙaruwar lokacin allon waya ƙarancin malamai da ƙaruwar rashin daidaito tsakanin ɗalibai
7 Shin da gaske COVID ya taka irin wannan babbar rawa
Eh babban dalili ne Tsawaita rufe makarantu ya katse ilmantarwa kuma ɗalibai da yawa ba su kammala kamawa ba
8 Shin annoba ce kawai abin ya shafa
A’a Wasu ƙasashe sun riga sun fara zamewa kafin 2020 Annobar ta ƙara tsananta matsalolin da suka riga su kasance
9 Me raguwar maki ke nufi a zahiri ga ɗalibai
Yana nufin yara ’yan shekara 15 da yawa suna fama da ƙwarewar asali kamar fahimtar rubutu ko warware matsalolin lissafi na yau da kullum
10 Shin duk ɗalibai abin ya shafa daidai
A’a Ɗalibai marasa galihu sun ƙara barin baya Gibin tsakanin masu saman da masu ƙasa ya faɗaɗa a ƙasashe da dama
11 Me PISA ke aunawa daidai
Yana auna yadda ɗalibai za su iya amfani da abin da suka koya a yanayin rayuwa ta zahiri ba kawai abubuwan da aka haddace ba
12 Sau nawa PISA ke fitowa
Duk bayan shekaru uku Sabon sakamakon yana nuna gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a 2022
13 Za mu iya amincewa da waɗannan sakamakon
Ana mutunta PISA sosai amma masu suka sun ce yana sauƙaƙa ilimi fiye da kima kuma yana haifar da matsi mai yawa na koyarwa don gwaji
