A ƙarshen shekarar 2024, na ziyarci garin tashar jirgin ruwa na Namibiya mai suna Lüderitz kuma na ci karo da wani ƙaramin gidan tarihi da zuriyar mazauna Jamus ke gudanarwa. Tare da tutocin daular Jamus da abubuwan tunawa, ya nuna kayan tarihi daga kabilar Herero da aka gano daga tsibirin Shark da ke kusa. Abin da ba a ambata ba shi ne, daga 1905 zuwa 1907, tsibirin Shark ya kasance wurin sansanin taro inda aka tilasta wa fursunonin Herero da Nama yin aiki mai wuya, aka yunwa, kuma aka ci zarafinsu bisa tsari. Akalla mutane 3,000 ne aka yi imanin sun mutu a can.
Lokacin da na ziyarci, ana amfani da tsibirin Shark a matsayin wurin sansanin yawon bude ido. Abubuwan tunawa a tsibirin sun girmama Adolf Lüderitz da Heinrich Vogelsang, 'yan kasuwa na Jamus da suka taimaka kafa mulkin mallaka da aka sani da Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka. A yau, an ba da rahoton cewa 'yan tsiraru fararen fata na Namibiya—kasa da kashi 2% na yawan jama'a—sun mallaki kusan kashi 70% na filayen noma na kasuwanci.
Wani sabon nune-nune mai suna Fractured Lifeworlds yana buɗewa a Berlin a wannan makon, yana mai da hankali kan tambayoyin tunawa, yanayin kasa, da kuma lissafi. Yana gabatar da bincike na shekaru hudu na Forensic Architecture, wata kungiya mai bangarori da yawa da ke amfani da sake gina gani don bincika cin zarafin bil'adama a wurare kamar Siriya, Falasdinu, Girka, da Jamus.
An ƙirƙira shi tare da kungiyar 'yar uwarta ta Forensis da ke Berlin kuma an haɓaka shi tare da masu bincike na Namibiya, nune-nunen yana bin diddigin gadon abin da ake kira kisan kare dangi na farko na karni na 20. An fara nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Namibiya a Windhoek a bara kuma yanzu ya zo Spore Initiative a sassa uku na yanayi: Bush, Wind, da Sand. Kowane sashi yana kallon yadda tashin hankalin mulkin mallaka ya shiga cikin busasshiyar yanayin Namibiya.
Babban abin nune-nunen shine jerin fina-finai da suka hada labarun baka daga zuriyar wadanda aka kashe a kisan kare dangi tare da cikakken binciken yanayin kasa. Wani fim mai ban tsoro na mintuna 30 game da tsibirin Shark ya sake gina sansanin taro, yana nuna yadda hukumomin Jamus suka yi amfani da mugun yanayin tsibirin a kan fursunoni—kuma suka tura kwanyarsu zuwa Jamus don binciken kimiyya na karya. Binciken ya kuma gano tuddai na yashi da ake zaton kaburburan jama'a ne marasa alama ga fursunonin da aka kashe a tsibirin Shark.
A karkashin tsibirin Shark, tashar jirgin ruwa ta Lüderitz za ta fadada a matsayin wani bangare na Hyphen, wani aikin samar da hydrogen mai kore na Birtaniya da Jamus na biliyoyin Yuro da ake bunkasa a Namibiya. Aikin yana shirin yin amfani da iska mai yawa da hasken rana na Namibiya don samar da hydrogen mai kore da ammonia don fitarwa. Ga Jamus, yana yin alkawarin makamashi mai tsabta da rage dogaro da man fetur na kasashen waje.
Ga yawancin zuriyar Nama da Herero, yana jin kamar tsarin hako albarkatu ne na yau da kullun. Yawancin kayan aikin aikin ana gina su a fadin yanki mai girman murabba'in kilomita 4,000 na ƙasar kakanni wanda ke na al'ummomin Nama. A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, an bar su ba tare da wani muhimmin shiga cikin aikin ba.
Yawancin zuriyar kuma suna damuwa cewa aikin Hyphen zai iya cutar da kokarin kiyaye wuraren kisan kare dangi na Namibiya a matsayin wuraren tunawa. Sima Luipert, mai ba da shawara ga Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Gargajiya ta Nama (NTLA) kuma mai haɗin gwiwa a nune-nunen, yana tsoron fadada tashar jirgin ruwa zai iya dagula wuraren binnewa. "Lokacin da suke tono, ba su gane cewa ba kawai suna motsa ƙasa ba. Suna dagula matattu," in ji ta. "Ruwa shine wurin binnewa."
Jamus ta ƙi biyan diyya ga zuriyar Herero da Nama, tana ba da taimakon ci gaba da aka yi shawarwari da gwamnatin Namibiya. Lokacin da Jamus ta amince da ta'asar a hukumance a shekarar 2021, ta bayyana ta a matsayin kisan kare dangi "daga hangen nesa na yau"—wata magana da masu suka ke cewa tana guje wa sakamakon shari'a da siyasa na amincewa. Ta wannan hanyar, babu wani aiki da aka aikata kafin yarjejeniyar kisan kare dangi ta 1948 da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin kisan kare dangi a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. Ga Luipert, yarjejeniyar a fili tana nuna rashin daidaito. "Jamus na iya biyan diyya ga wadanda aka kashe a Holocaust da sauri yayin da take amfani da tsauraran hujjojin shari'a don hana diyya ga 'yan Afirka," in ji ta. A gare ta, nune-nunen hanya ce ta gabatar da shaida—"garkuwar dijital a kan musun tarihi."
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, aikin Forensic Architecture ya haifar da muhawara. Masu suka suna ganin shi ne hotuna masu gamsarwa da aka gina a kan shaida da ba ta da tabbas; masu goyon baya suna jayayya cewa kungiyar ta sami sababbin hanyoyi don bayyana tsarin tashin hankali wanda zai iya kasancewa a boye.
A cikin ayyukan da aka nuna a Berlin, kasancewa a bayyane game da hanyoyi yana da mahimmanci. Wannan ya fi dacewa a cikin wani fim game da kisan gillar Hornkranz na 1893, lokacin da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus karkashin Curt von François suka kai hari ga mazaunin shugaban Nama Hendrik Witbooi, suka kashe fararen hula da dama. Ta amfani da labarun baka, hotuna, da cikakken bincike kan canje-canjen yanayin kasa, fim din ya sake gina wani ta'asa da ya ɓace daga tunanin gama gari na Jamus.
Tsarin sake gina fim din yana bayyane a duk fadin wurin nune-nunen. An nuna zane-zane na tarihi, taswirori, da wasiƙa daga von François tare da samfuran dijital waɗanda ke tunanin yadda ƙauyen zai kasance kafin kisan gillar.
Mark Mushiba, babban mai kula da Fractured Lifeworlds kuma mai bincike a Forensis, ya bayyana cewa masana tarihi sun fi dogaro da takardun mulkin mallaka. Forensic Architecture da Forensis a maimakon haka sun yi ƙoƙarin "karanta yanayin kasa." A Hornkranz—yanzu gonaki ne masu zaman kansu—wannan ya haɗa da gano tsoffin harsashin harsashi, gano tsoffin gidaje ta hanyar nau'ikan ciyayi na musamman, da kuma ɗaukar tsire-tsire a matsayin shaidar tarihi. "Mun yi matukar mamakin yadda binciken jiki ya yi kadan a nan," in ji Mushiba.
Wanda ya kafa Forensic Architecture Eyal Weizman ya bayyana tsarinsu a Namibiya a matsayin wani nau'i na "ilimin tsire-tsire na shari'a." Tare da Forensis, hukumar bincike ta yi nazarin inuwar launin toka a cikin hotunan mulkin mallaka don fahimtar tsarin ciyawa, kuma ta haɗu da waɗannan binciken tare da wasu tushe don sake gina yadda aka shafe al'ummomin gida. Manufar ita ce a dawo da rikodin da aka rubuta a cikin yanayin kasa. A cikin kalmomin Weizman, nune-nunen shine game da neman hanyoyin "aika tauraron dan adam a baya cikin lokaci."
Wannan tsarin yana nunawa a cikin wani aiki mai suna Satellite Images of Hatsamas, wanda ya ƙunshi bugu na dijital guda uku a cikin launuka masu haske ja da kore. Haɗe da ilimin gida, hotunan tarihi, da bayanan tauraron dan adam na zamani, bugu na nufin nuna canje-canje a ciyayi a cikin shekaru 150. Sakamakon ya nuna yadda mulkin mallaka ya tsara ƙasar, wanda ya kai ga mamaye daji da kuma hamada.
Ayyukan fasaha na zamani suna ƙara wani matsayi ga nune-nunen. Tuli Mekondjo ya ba da gudummawar wata rigar Herero da aka yi wa ado mai suna Schutztruppe. Asalinsa sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus ne suka sa shi, al'ummomin Herero sun karɓi rigar a matsayin wani aiki na juriya da tunawa. Ta hanyar dinka kwarangwal na mutum a kan masana'anta, Mekondjo ya mayar da shi abin tunawa da za a iya sawa ga fursunonin da suka mutu a tsibirin Shark.
Da yake magana game da nune-nunen, Weizman yakan koma kan alakar da ke tsakanin kisan kare dangi da hamada: daga tafiyar tilas na Armeniyawa zuwa cikin hamadar Siriya zuwa Gaza, inda barna mai yawa ta lalata yawancin ƙasar. Fractured Lifeworlds yana nuna yadda tashin hankalin mulkin mallaka ya bar alamomi a cikin yanayin kasa. Yayin da Jamus ke ci gaba da muhawara game da ma'ana da iyakar al'adun tunawa da ita, wannan nune-nunen shine tunatarwa mai dacewa cewa abin da ya gabata har yanzu yana cikin halin yanzu.
Fractured Lifeworlds yana a Spore Initiative, Berlin, daga Yuni 7 zuwa Afrilu 30.
Tambayoyi da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da batun Suna dagula matattu sake gina wurin kisan kare dangi na farko da aka manta na karni na 20 bisa kisan kare dangi na Herero da Nama a Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka
Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko
1 Menene ainihin kisan kare dangi na farko na karni na 20?
Yana nufin kisan kare dangi na Herero da Nama inda sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus suka kashe dubun dubatan mutanen Herero da Nama a yankin da ke yanzu Namibiya. Yawancin masana tarihi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin kisan kare dangi na farko na karni na 20.
2 Me yasa ake kiransa da manta?
Ba kamar Holocaust ko kisan kare dangi na Armeniya ba, wannan taron bai sami kulawar kasa da kasa ba har tsawon shekaru da yawa. An cire shi daga yawancin littattafan tarihi kuma Jamus kawai ta amince da shi a matsayin kisan kare dangi a hukumance a shekarar 2021.
3 Menene ma'anar dagula matattu a cikin wannan mahallin?
Yana nufin dagula kaburbura da wuraren binnewa na jama'a a zahiri—sau da yawa ta hanyar gine-gine, hakar ma'adinai, ko noma—da kuma ma'anar da ta fi girma na dagula tarihin da aka yi shiru ta hanyar tilasta wa mutane tunawa da sake ginawa.
4 Wanene ke ƙoƙarin sake gina wurin?
Zuriyar al'ummomin Herero da Nama, tare da masu fafutuka na Namibiya, masana tarihi, da wasu kungiyoyin Jamus da na kasa da kasa, suna aiki don kiyaye wuraren binnewa, gina abubuwan tunawa, da maido da mutuncin al'adu.
5 Ina babban wurin yake?
Mafi mahimmancin wuraren suna a tsakiya da kudancin Namibiya—musamman kusa da garin Okakarara da sansanin taro na tsibirin Shark kusa da Lüderitz.
Tambayoyi na Matakin Ci Gaba
6 Wace shaida ce ke akwai cewa wannan kisan kare dangi ne ba kawai yakin mulkin mallaka ba?
Masana tarihi suna nuna umarnin kawar da kai na Janar Lothar von Trotha, amfani da ƙishirwa da yunwa da gangan a cikin hamada, da kafa sansanonin taro inda dubbai suka mutu daga aiki mai wuya, cututtuka, da gwaje-gwajen likita.
7 Me yasa gawarwakin mutane ke da matsala mai girma a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa?
Gidajen tarihi da jami'o'in Jamus sun riƙe
