"كدت أستقيل لأصبح مدرسًا للمبارزة": فرقة Iron Maiden تتأمل 50 عامًا من الهيفي ميتال، والحياة القاسية – ومهارات التواصل السيئة.

عندما أسأل ستيف هاريس، عازف البيس ومؤسس فرقة أيرون مايدن، عن حقيقة أن فرقته استمرت لأكثر من نصف قرن، بدا مرتبكًا، وكأنه وضع شيئًا ما ونسي مكانه. "لقد مر الوقت بسرعة كبيرة. تذهب في جولة لبضعة أشهر ويبدو الأمر وكأنه يمر بسرعة، لكن الكثير يحدث. مسيرتنا المهنية بأكملها هي امتداد لذلك – لمدة 50 عامًا."

إنه يتأمل كيف قاد واحدة من أكثر الفرق البريطانية تأثيرًا – وفريدة بعمق – في التاريخ. مدفوعة إلى المستوى الأعلى من موسيقى الميتال في الثمانينيات بألبومات سريعة الإيقاع ومسرحية وحاصلة على شهادات بلاتينية متعددة مثل The Number of the Beast وPowerslave وSeventh Son of a Seventh Son، لم تنجُ أيرون مايدن من الركود في منتصف التسعينيات الذي ضرب العديد من فرق الميتال فحسب، بل أصبحت أكثر ثقلاً وطموحًا.

في العام الماضي، احتفلوا بذلك الذكرى الخمسين بجولة Run for Your Lives، التي تستمر حتى نوفمبر هذا العام وتتضمن أكبر عروضهم الرئيسية في المملكة المتحدة حتى الآن في مهرجانهم الخاص الذي يستمر يومين، EddFest، في نيبوورث في يوليو. الشهر المقبل، هناك أيضًا إصدار سينمائي لفيلم Burning Ambition، وهو فيلم وثائقي يغطي العقود ويضم لقطات أرشيفية نادرة ممزوجة بمقابلات مع أشخاص مثل توم موريلو وتشاك دي ولارس أولريش – وبشكل غير متوقع – خافيير بارديم.

"سوف يقول عشاق مايدن المتعصبون: لماذا لا يكون طوله 10 ساعات؟" يضحك المغني النشيط بروس ديكنسون عندما أقابله بمفرده في فندق في منطقة سوهو بلندن. "لكن نأمل أن تكون رحلة مسلية."

تشكلت الفرقة في لندن عام 1975 على يد هاريس، وخضعت مايدن للعديد من التغييرات في التشكيلة قبل أن تستقر على بول دي أنو كمغني في عام 1978، وشقت طريقها إلى طليعة الموجة الجديدة لموسيقى الهيفي ميتال البريطانية (NWOBHM) من خلال العزف المستمر. كانت الموجة الجديدة لموسيقى الهيفي ميتال البريطانية حركة خشنة وجاهزة معروفة بمسرحياتها الغريبة وموقف "افعلها بنفسك"، وقد أقيمت في حانات الأزقة الخلفية أمام حشود ترتدي الدنيم والجلد المخصصين، كل ذلك خلال ذروة موسيقى البانك. بسبب سرعة الفرقة وجذورها في الطرف الشرقي من لندن، قارن النقاد أحيانًا بين البانك ومايدن، لكن "كنت أفضل كنس الشوارع على عزف هذا الهراء"، كما يقول هاريس في فيلم Burning Ambition.

كان ديكنسون منخرطًا بعمق في الموجة الجديدة لموسيقى الهيفي ميتال البريطانية مع فرقته سامسون، التي سجلت في الاستوديو المجاور لمايدن عندما كانوا يصنعون ألبومهم عام 1981 Killers. "الموجة الجديدة لموسيقى الهيفي ميتال البريطانية! كان الأمر مثل: حسنًا، إذا كنت تستطيع تهجئتها، فقد تقولها أيضًا،" يقول ديكنسون. "لكن في البداية، كنا جميعًا: ما الذي تتحدث عنه؟ هذا موجود منذ سنوات." يذكر نادي ماركي في سوهو وميوزيك ماشين (الآن كوكو) في كامدن، شمال لندن، بأنها "القمة، حيث تريد أن تكون. قبل ذلك، كنت تعزف على سجادة في زاوية حانة."

"الشيء الوحيد الذي تبنته الميتال [من البانك] هو فكرة 'دعنا فقط نفعلها بأنفسنا.' أطلق الناس أغانيهم الفردية، وحصلوا على صفقات مع شركات تسجيل مستقلة. ثم تحول البانك نوعًا ما إلى موجة جديدة ورومانسية جديدة، لكننا لم نتحول إلى أي شيء – لقد واصلنا فقط."

دخل ألبوم مايدن الأول الذي يحمل اسم الفرقة إلى قوائم الأغاني البريطانية في المركز الرابع عام 1980. ومع ذلك، بحلول الوقت الذي أصدروا فيه Killers، كان دي أنو منهكًا. شخصية جامحة أحببت الكحول والمخدرات، غادر الفرقة في عام 1981 بعد جولة طويلة ومليئة بالضغوط. انضم ديكنسون بعد "محادثة سرية" مضحكة بشكل واضح مع مدير مايدن رود سمولوود، عُقدت تحت ضوء كشاف ضخم في وسط منطقة الضيافة في مهرجان ريدينغ. شخصية مختلفة تمامًا عن دي أنو، كان لدى ديكنسون ما أصبح قريبًا واحدة من أكثر العلامات التجارية شهرة في الميتال: صوت محطم للأوكتاف ومليء بالاهتزاز مصنوع لإحداث تأثير. كان أيضًا منضبطًا، ويمتلك القدرة على التحمل اللازمة لأشهر على الطريق.

"كان الأمر وكأنك مهاجم في دوري المؤتمر ويقولون لك: اذهب والعب في المقدمة والوسط لمانشستر سيتي،" كما يقول. "لكنني كنت شديد الثقة بشكل فظ لأنني كنت في الحادية والعشرين من عمري." "بالطبع سأحصل على الفرصة، لأنني أستطيع أن أفعل بالضبط ما تريده وأكثر من ذلك بكثير." كنت أعرف مدى طموح ستيف، وفهمت أين يريد أن يأخذ الموسيقى. كان من الواضح أن الفرقة يمكن أن تكون ضخمة للغاية. أحببت مدى مهارتهم الفنية كموسيقيين – لم تكن هناك حدود، موسيقيًا.

أصبح سرد ديكنسون الحيوي – ما يسميه "مسرح العقل" – توقيعًا رئيسيًا لأيرون مايدن. حشر في إشارات أدبية لا نهاية لها، من Rime of the Ancient Mariner لصامويل تايلور كولريدج إلى Brave New World لألدوس هكسلي، وحتى الواقعية الاجتماعية لألان سيليتو في الخمسينيات مع The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner. هناك أيضًا العديد من المعارك التاريخية، والصراعات السياسية الملحمية، والمشاهد العنيفة، التي تُسمع في أغاني مثل Paschendale وAlexander the Great وThe Trooper.

استقرت أيرون مايدن لتسجيل The Number of the Beast (1982). مع ثلاث كلاسيكيات فورية منذ البداية – الأغنية الرئيسية، وRun to the Hills، وHallowed Be Thy Name – بالإضافة إلى أغاني أعمق مثل The Prisoner وChildren of the Damned، قدم الألبوم ما كانت مايدن قد ألمحت إليه فقط من قبل ولكنها لم تنجح فيه تمامًا: موسيقى ميتال ثقيلة ملحمية مسرحية كانت في نفس الوقت لحنية عالية وخام وعدوانية وفورية.

"عندما تدخل مع مجموعة من الأغاني، لا تعتقد بالضرورة أنك صنعت ألبومًا كلاسيكيًا،" يقول هاريس بطريقته المتواضعة المعتادة. "أنا فقط أعتقد: حسنًا، لقد صنعنا ألبومًا جيدًا جدًا، وسيحبه الناس أو لا يحبونه."

على الرغم من كل اقتباساته من كولريدج وكتابة الأغاني المستوحاة من Charge of the Light Brigade، فإن هاريس لديه أسلوب ثابت ومتواضع، مثل مدرب كرة قدم رواقي – مختلف تمامًا عن ديكنسون المبهرج، الذي رأيه في The Number of the Beast هو تقريبًا العكس تمامًا. "هل عرفنا أنه كان مميزًا؟ نعم، عرفنا! كنا نبقى في الاستوديو بعد ذلك نستمع إلى الإعادة. كنا نجلس هناك ونشرب واتنيز بارتي سيفينز" – برميل البيرة الصغير الرخيص سعة سبعة باينتات الذي لا يُخطئ في تلك الحقبة. "بنينا جدارًا من هذه الأشياء ولم نعد إلى المنزل حتى الرابعة صباحًا بعد التوقف عن التسجيل في الثامنة أو التاسعة. بقية الوقت كنا نجلس فقط نقرص أنفسنا، ونقول: يا للهول، أليس هذا رائعًا؟"

طوال أوائل الثمانينيات، تم وضع روتين: كتابة وتسجيل ألبوم كل عام، جولة، ثم – إذا كانوا محظوظين – الحصول على بضعة أسابيع إجازة لعيد الميلاد. بالنسبة للألبوم التالي Piece of Mind (1983)، بذلوا قصارى جهدهم. خاطر سمولوود بحجز صالات رياضية بدلاً من المسارح في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة – بما في ذلك ماديسون سكوير جاردن. وقد أتى ذلك بثماره. كانت مايدن الآن فرقة صالات رياضية تبيع البلاتين، على الرغم من أنهم ما زالوا يعملون خارج معايير صناعة الموسيقى: لا توجد فيديوهات لامعة، القليل من البث الإذاعي، وحتى تغطية أقل من وسائل الإعلام الرئيسية.

"عندما تكون في العشرينات من عمرك، من المذهل مقدار العقاب الذي يمكن لجسمك تحمله،" يقول عازف الجيتار أدريان سميث عبر مكالمة فيديو. "لكن فرقة مثل مايدن كان عليها أن تحافظ على هذا الجدول لأننا لم نحصل أبدًا على أغنية فردية ضخمة وانتظرنا وصول شيكات الإتاوات إلى الباب. كنا نخرج ونقدم الموسيقى للناس. لكن هذا يؤتي ثماره لاحقًا، لأن الناس يتذكرون ذلك. لكننا وصلنا إلى النقطة التي كان يجب أن نأخذ فيها استراحة... إنه يلحق بك في النهاية."

كانت جولة العبودية العالمية الشاقة والمسماة بشكل كئيب لدعم ألبوم Powerslave لعام 1984 مثالًا مثاليًا. بحلول نهايتها، كانت الفرقة منهكة، وخاصة ديكنسون.

"كانت تلك بالتأكيد فترة صعبة بالنسبة لي،" كما يقول. "لم تكن لدي حياة. بدأت تشعر وكأنها قفص ذهبي. وهذا لا يمكن أن يكون صحيحًا. بدأت أتساءل: هل يستحق الأمر ذلك؟ لأنني صغير بما يكفي لفعل شيء آخر. كنت أفكر في الاستقالة لأصبح مدرس مبارزة. أردت أن..." أمشي بعيدًا، لأن ذلك أفضل من فقدان روحك وكل ما يأتي معها." كان قلقًا من أنه يفقد الاتصال بـ "السبب الذي جعلني أدخل الموسيقى في المقام الأول: لأنه كان شكلاً من أشكال السرد الدرامي."

بينما قد يكون عشاق أيرون مايدن المخلصون على دراية بما يعادل قائمة قراءة ثقيلة إلى حد ما، هل يزعجهم أبدًا أن المستمعين العاديين ليس لديهم فكرة عن مدى عمق كل هذا؟ "لن أقول يزعج، هذا قوي جدًا،" يقول ديكنسون. "لكنه مزعج عندما يقول الناس، 'أنتم مجرد حفنة من الأغبياء السطحيين، ولهذا السبب تصنعون هذا النوع من الموسيقى، لأنكم لا تستطيعون فعل أي شيء آخر.'"

عرض الصورة بالحجم الكامل
ديكنسون يؤدي في مهرجان Ozzfest 2005 في هيونداي بافيليون في سان برناردينو، كاليفورنيا. الصورة: كارل والتر / غيتي إيميجز

بحلول عام 1990، كانت الموسيقى الثقيلة تتغير. كانت فرق الروك الصلب مثل Guns N' Roses وفرق الثراش ميتال مثل Metallica ضخمة، وكان سرد مايدن المبالغ فيه في خطر الشعور بأنه قديم. بعد ألبوم المفاهيم لعام 1988 Seventh Son of a Seventh Son، كان ألبوم عام 1990 No Prayer for the Dying meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant meant