Shekaru ashirin da biyar da suka wuce, a ranar 11 ga Satumba, Osama bin Laden ya yi tafiya tare da ƙaramin rukuni na masu biyayya da mataimaka na al-Qaida zuwa wani wuri mai nisa a gabashin Afghanistan. Ayarin motocinsa na SUVs ya haɗu da wata mota mai ƙanƙanin girma da aka mayar da ita cibiyar sadarwa ta wucin gadi.
Kayan aikin motar ba su ba Bin Laden damar kallon mutum 19 da ya fara aikawa Amurka fiye da shekara guda da ta gabata suna tuka jirage cikin hasumiyai tagwaye a New York da Pentagon kusa da Washington DC, inda suka kashe kusan mutum 3,000. Amma ya saurara yayin da masu watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da suka gigice suka ba da labarin.
Cikin kwanaki bayan harin, shugaban ƙasa na lokacin George W Bush ya fara bayyana martanin Amurka a matsayin "yaƙi da ta'addanci" na duniya — zaɓi na dabarun da ba shi da kyau, bai dace ba kuma ba ya haifar da sakamako mai kyau.
Ga mu da muke bayar da rahoto daga filin a wannan lokacin — muna kallon bama-bamai na Amurka a kan tsaunukan Afghanistan da tankuna a titunan Baghdad, muna yin hira da waɗanda za su iya zama masu kai harin ƙunar baƙin ciki ko waɗanda hare-haren ƙungiyoyin tsattsauran ra'ayi suka shafa waɗanda suka yaɗu daga Birtaniya zuwa Philippines — kurakurai da gazawar wannan "yaƙi da ta'addanci" sun kasance a bayyane.
Wannan jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da ba a taɓa gani ba kuma marasa bambanci zai haifar da mamaye Afghanistan da Iraq, ya haɗa da azabtarwa, mika mutane da ƙawance da gwamnatoci masu shakka, ya ci kuɗi mai yawa, ya lalata manyan sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ya kawo wahala ga miliyoyin mutane.
Shin wannan ne Bin Laden ya yi fatan cimma?
Sau da yawa ana nuna cewa manufar Bin Laden da hare-haren 9/11 ita ce jawo Amurka cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da za su raunana tattalin arzikinta kuma su kai ga rugujewarta, kamar yadda yaƙin Afghanistan tsakanin 1979 da 1989 ya shanye Tarayyar Soviet sosai. A matsayinsa na matashin mayaƙi, Bin Laden ya shaida wannan rikici har ma ya shiga ciki, ko da yake a wata rawa maras muhimmanci.
Duba hoto a cikakken alloOsama bin Laden a Afghanistan a 1998, shekaru uku kafin hare-haren 9/11. Hoto: Associated Press
Amma akwai ƙaramin shaida da ke goyan bayan wannan ka'idar. Ko da yake babu shakka Bin Laden ya sami ƙarfafa daga rikicin da ya gabata, ya yi watsi da gargaɗin mataimakansa a matsayin marasa gaskiya cewa harin da aka shirya zai kawo sojojin Amurka Afghanistan, mai yiwuwa yana tsammanin ba wani abu fiye da wani jerin makamai masu linzami marasa tasiri a matsayin ramuwar gayya. Tabbas, ba shi da wani shiri lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka zo. Cikin watanni bayan hare-haren, mambobin al-Qaida da suka girgiza sun bayyana "mummunan rabo [da] bala'i".
A gaskiya, Bin Laden yana da wata dabara ta daban. Yana so ya raunana Amurka ta fuskar tattalin arziki kuma ta haka ya tilasta janyewa daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, ba mamayewa ba. A 2004, ya yi alfahari cewa al-Qaida tana "zubar da jinin Amurka har zuwa ga fatara", kuma kowace dala da ƙungiyar ta kashe wajen kai wa Amurka hari ta sa Washington ta kashe dala miliyan a cikin illar tattalin arziki da kashe kuɗi na soja. Wannan lacca kan fa'idodin yaƙi marar daidaito har yanzu tana da tasiri a yau, amma ta kasance mai cikakken kyakkyawan fata.
Babban abin da ya fi tsada ga Amurka zai kasance wani babban hari mai nasara. Wannan bai taɓa zuwa ba — nasara da ba za a iya musantawa ba na tsara manufofin Amurka tun 9/11 da babbar gazawa ga al-Qaida. Kuma duk da matsalolin tattalin arziki na bayyane a Amurka, babu wanda zai iya cewa ƙasar ta sha wahala irin ta USSR. Haka kuma, a bayyane, ba ta janye sojojinta daga Gabas ta Tsakiya ba.
Manufa ta biyu ta Bin Laden ita ce tilasta wa Amurka kawo ƙarshen goyon bayanta ga duk masu mulki a yankin da wannan ɗan adawa haifaffen Saudiyya wanda ya taɓa samun gata ya ƙi sosai, tun daga gidan al-Saud.
Wasu daga cikin maƙasudin Bin Laden sun faɗi tun 2001, amma ba saboda ayyukansa ko na wanda ya yi daidai da hangen nesansa ba. Muammar Gaddafi an hambarar da shi kuma an kashe shi da 'yan tawaye masu goyon bayan Yamma, Saddam Hussein Amurka ce ta kore shi, kuma mulkin daular Assad wani tsohon mayaƙin al-Qaida ya kawo ƙarshensa wanda ya fito fili ya ƙi akidar da manufofin ƙungiyar.
Manufa ta uku ta Bin Laden ita ce farfaganda. Gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa na ta'addanci an tsara shi ne don aika saƙo mai zubar da jini, mai ban mamaki kuma wanda ba za a manta ba wanda zai tsattsauran ra'ayin mabiyansa, ya tattara sababbi kuma ya raba al'ummomi. Ya jaddada yadda hare-hare irin su 9/11 suka kasance "martani ne kawai ga abin da ke faruwa da yaranmu a Falasdinu, Iraq, Somalia, kudancin Sudan, da Kashmir," kuma ya yi kira ga musulmi a duk duniya su tashi kan abokan gābansu.
Tsallake tallan wasiƙar labarai
Yi rajista don wasiƙar labarai ta mako-mako kyauta
Samu marubutan Guardian da marubuta suna raba abin da suka yi muhawara, tunani, karatu, da ƙari.
Shigar da imel ɗinka
Yi rajista
Bayan tallan wasiƙar labarai
Duba hoto a cikakken allo
Joe Biden, Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, da membobin ƙungiyar tsaron ƙasa suna karɓar sabuntawa kan aikin da aka yi wa Osama bin Laden a ɗakin yanayi na Fadar White House, 1 Mayu 2011. Hoto: Fadar White House/Getty Images
Hare-haren 9/11 tabbas sun ja hankalin duniya zuwa ga rikice-rikicen da Bin Laden ya yi imanin cewa Yamma ko ƙawayenta suna zaluntar musulmi, amma ba su kawo wani ingantaccen ci gaba ga waɗanda abin ya shafa ba. Goyon baya ga Bin Laden da sha'awar tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama ya kai kololuwa 'yan shekaru kaɗan bayan 2001, sannan ya ɓace da sauri kusan ko'ina. Jim kaɗan kafin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka su kashe shi a Pakistan, Bin Laden yana tunanin sauya sunan al-Qaida, wanda sunansa ya lalace saboda karuwar suka a cikin duniyar Islama cewa tana kashe ɗimbin musulmi. Magajinsa, Ayman al-Zawahiri na Masar, ya yi watsi da ra'ayin tashin hankali na duniya kuma ya koma wata dabara da ta mai da hankali kan manufofin gida maimakon na duniya.
A 2014, Islamic State ta yi nasarar amfani da hargitsin da mamayewar Amurka na Iraq ya bari, tashin hankalin ƙabilanci, da wasu abubuwa don kafa mummunar daularta a Iraq da Syria. Amma har ma wannan ya ƙare a 2019.
Tun daga lokacin, irin wannan tsattsauran ra'ayi ya kasance galibi a iyakokin duniyar Islama da yankuna inda barazanar ga ƙasashe masu ci gaba ta kasance aƙalla lokaci-lokaci. Al-Qaida da Islamic State sun fi girma cikin nasara a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka, suna amfani da rashin zaman lafiya, ƙasashe da suka gaza, matsin lambar yawan jama'a, gasar neman albarkatu masu ƙarancin gaske, da sakaci na Yamma.
Wasu manazarta suna haɗa ƙarfin da aka kiyasta na ƙungiyoyi a Somalia ko Mali waɗanda ke da alaƙa marasa ƙarfi, na tarihi da al-Qaida kuma suna gargaɗin cewa jimillar membobinsu ta fi waɗanda suka bi Bin Laden a 2001 girma. Amma waɗannan 'yan dubu kaɗan da ke ɗauke da AK-47 ba su da wani abu da ya haɗa su da ƙungiyar da Bin Laden ya jagoranta shekaru 25 da suka wuce, a manufofi ko iyawa.
Har yanzu akwai munanan hare-hare da aka yi wahayi daga gurɓatacciyar akidar Bin Laden, kuma tabbas za a ƙara samun ƙari. Wannan wani ɓangare ne saboda rarrabuwar kawuna da tashin hankalinsa ya haifar da martanin da aka yi masa — wanda shine ainihin abin da yake so.
Amma ya kamata a lura cewa babu al-Qaida ko IS da fitattun shugabanni masu jan hankali. Ɗaya dalili shi ne cewa duk irin wannan mutum za a kashe shi da sauri da Amurka mafi iyawa, yana mai da shi haɗari a gane shi. Amma kuma saboda zamanin da irin waɗannan mutane za su iya samun mabiya masu yawa ya ƙare.
Sau da yawa ana cewa don ƙungiyar tawaye ko ta'addanci ta yi nasara, tana buƙatar rayuwa kawai, amma akwai keɓancewa. Kasancewar al-Qaida har yanzu wata nasara ce ta wani nau'i ga ƙungiyar kuma, bayan mutuwarsa, ga wanda ya kafa ta. Amma bai kamata a kira shi nasara ba.
Jason Burke shi ne wakilin Guardian na tsaron ƙasa da ƙasa kuma marubucin The Revolutionists: The Story of the Extremists who Hijacked the 1970s.
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi kan Osama bin Laden, 9/11 da Me ya sa Manyan Shirye-shiryensa Suka Gaza
Tambayoyin Farko
Wanene Osama bin Laden
Shi ne wanda ya kafa al-Qaida, ƙungiyar ta'addanci da ta kai hare-haren 9/11. An haife shi a cikin wani attajirin gida na Saudiyya kuma daga baya ya zama ɗan ta'addanci da aka fi nema a duniya.
Me ya faru a 9/11
A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2001, maharan al-Qaida sun tuka jirage biyu cikin Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya a New York ɗaya kuma cikin Pentagon kusa da Washington DC. Jirgi na huɗu ya faɗi a Pennsylvania bayan fasinjoji sun yi gwagwarmaya. Kusan mutum 3,000 suka mutu.
Me ya sa bin Laden ya kai wa Amurka hari
Ya ƙi kasancewar sojojin Amurka a Gabas ta Tsakiya, goyon bayan Amurka ga Isra'ila, da kasancewar sojojin Amurka a Saudiyya. Yana so ya kori tasirin Yamma daga ƙasashen musulmi.
Me bin Laden yake so ya cimma a zahiri
Yana so ya hambarar da gwamnatocin da Amurka ke goyon baya a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya kori sojojin Yamma daga yankin, kuma ya kafa tsarin Islama mai tsauri. Yana fatan 9/11 zai haifar da tashin hankalin musulmi na duniya kan Yamma.
Yaya aka kashe bin Laden
Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka sun kashe shi a Abbottabad, Pakistan a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2011 yayin wani hari a maboyarsa. Ya kasance a ɓoye kusan shekaru goma.
Tambayoyin Ci Gaba
Me ya sa manyan shirye-shiryen bin Laden suka gaza
Yana tsammanin musulmi a duk duniya za su tashi kan Yamma. Maimakon haka yawancin gwamnatoci da talakawan musulmi sun la'anci 9/11. Al-Qaida ta rasa mafakarta a Afghanistan, an kashe ko kama shugabanninta, kuma saƙonta ya ɓata wa mutane da yawa rai fiye da waɗanda ya ja hankalinsu.
Me mamayewar Amurka na Afghanistan ya yi wa al-Qaida
Ya lalata sansanonin horo na al-Qaida kuma ya tilasta shugabancinta su shiga ɓoye. Bin Laden ya yi shekarunsa na ƙarshe a keɓe, ba zai iya jagorantar manyan ayyuka ba kuma an rage shi zuwa aika saƙonni ta mai aikawa.
Shin hare-haren bin Laden sun cimma wata manufarsa ta siyasa
A'a. Amurka ta ƙara zurfafa kasancewarta ta soja a Gabas ta Tsakiya maimakon barin. Babu wata gwamnatin ƙawance da ta faɗi saboda 9/11 kuma babu wata daular Islama da aka kafa kamar yadda ya yi tunani.
Me ya sa musulmi kaɗan suka shiga harkarsa
Dabarun al-Qaida na kashe fararen hula ciki har da musulmi
