Kudan zuma a Bybi, ƙungiyar kiwon kudan zuma a Copenhagen, suna rayuwa a kan rufin gini. Gidansu wani rukuni ne na gine-ginen zamanin Victoria a tsakiyar birnin wanda yake kama da ingantaccen tsarin kasuwancin zamantakewa na zamani, wanda gine-ginen da suka gabata suka sa ya zama mai daraja. Wuri ne da masana'antar gida ta haɗu da yanayi, inda ake kawo marasa galihu daga gefuna kuma kamfanoni suna jira su taimaka, inda ayyuka suke wanzu amma yawancin aikin masu sa kai ne ke yi, kuma inda — wannan ɓangaren yana da muhimmanci — ake kashe lokaci mai yawa wajen tattauna ra'ayoyi.
Oliver Maxwell, wanda ya kafa Bybi mai shekaru 48, yana ƙarfafa ni in duba gine-ginen sosai. Sun taɓa zama kurkuku, gidan aiki da asibiti; ayyukansu a yau — matsugunin marasa gida, cibiyar matasa masu laifi da, har kwanan nan, cibiyar ayyuka — ba su da bambanci sosai. Maxwell ya ce sauyin zamanin Victoria na Denmark, daga "ƙauyen noma zuwa noma na masana'antu", an nuna shi a yadda ake mu'amala da mutane.
A tsakiyar duk wannan akwai ƙungiyar, wadda take kama da abubuwa da yawa — ƙungiyar zama tare, kasuwancin teburin dafa abinci, wurin fasaha. Komai yana wari kamar zuma. Dogayen labule masu launin ƙasa sun yi wa ƙofar wani wuri da masu sa kai ke sanya zuma cikin kwalba da hannu. Ƙananan tukwane an jera su a gefen taga a cikin abin da yake kama da tsari na bazata, amma ya zama taswirar salo na birnin: kowace kwalba ta fito daga wani titi na musamman, da nata launi da ɗanɗano, godiya ga "furanni da mutane suka shuka, yanayi, shawarwari da zaɓuɓɓukan kudan zuma kansu", kamar yadda Maxwell ya ce.
"Bybi tauraro ne na lokaci, aiki, kuɗi, al'umma da haɗi, wuri da ke yin tambaya buɗe ido: me ake buƙata domin kudan zuma, mutane da al'ummomi su bunƙasa?" in ji shi. Tsakanin masu sa kai 40 zuwa 50 suna zuwa suna tafiya cikin shekara, tare da ƙungiyar tsakiya ta 15 da ke kula da ayyuka na zahiri, abubuwan da suka shafi zuma da taron.
Suna da mazauni 80 zuwa 100, ba kawai a kan wannan rufin ba har ma a duk faɗin birnin — a kan kasuwanci da cibiyoyin taro, makarantu, gine-ginen gwamnati, gidajen abinci. Suna samar da tsakanin ton huɗu zuwa shida na zuma kowace shekara. Yadda hakan ke juya zuwa kuɗi ya dogara da gaske.
Wani lokaci suna bayarwa, a bukukuwan aure da bukukuwa. "Zuma gayyata ce," in ji Maxwell. "Tana son ka shigo a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa, tare da haɗin kai na alhakin lafiyarta. Muna roƙon ka raba ta da wanda kake kulawa. Kuma ka shuka fure don taimaka wa kudan zuma."
Wani lokaci suna sayar da ita ta hanyar gargajiya, a wasu shagunan kayan abinci na musamman a faɗin birnin. Wani lokaci suna tambayar mutane nawa suke so su biya; wasu suna karimci, wasu ba su da. Wani lokaci suna tattauna ta hanyar ciniki na baya, suna zaune a rukuni inda su, a matsayin masu sayarwa, suka fara da ƙasa; masu neman suna ƙara farashin ta hanyar yin tunani mai zurfi game da abin da ya shiga cikin zumar.
Maxwell, masanin ilimin ɗan adam, asalinsa daga Birtaniya ne. Ya yi lokaci a Vietnam yana kare gandun daji, sannan ƙarin lokaci a Brighton yana horar da kasuwancin zamantakewa, kafin ya isa Denmark a 2007 kuma ya kafa Bybi bisa irin wannan tsari a 2010. Shirin shine a ɗauki marasa gida da sauran marasa galihu aiki, waɗanda za a sake shigar da su cikin al'umma. Za a yi zuma a lokaci guda. Bybi kuma ya ɗauki ma'aikacin zamantakewa, "wanda koyaushe ya kasance mutum mai kyau sosai".
Matsalar ita ce, "ba ya aiki kawai", in ji shi. "Rabin ƙasan kasuwar ayyuka ya faɗi kuma kowa dole ya gudu da sauri da sauri. Lokacin da ka yi hulɗa da tattalin arzikin kasuwa, kowa yakan narke kawai. Muna zaune a nan da rikicin al'umma, rikicin kaɗaici, rikici a ma'ana da manufar aiki. Mutane suna buƙatar yin abubuwa — za mu sami abubuwan da za mu yi. Amma ka'idar aiki ta ƙima, inda kake ƙirƙirar daraja da lokacinka, maigidanka ya karɓa ya ba ka wasu don ka rayu? Wannan ba ya aiki."
Sun yi watsi da shirin "ba marasa gida ayyuka". Yanzu mutane suna zuwa saboda suna so, ba don cibiyar ayyuka ta tilasta musu ba. Kimanin mutane biyar suna aiki, da ƙari a lokacin rani; akwai masu sa kai da yawa, ciki har da nakasassu waɗanda ke tattara tsaban furanni. "Suna aiki a hankali yadda suke so, kuma muna ba da yawancin tsaba kyauta," in ji Maxwell. "Ya fita daga dabarun aiki."
Duba hoto a cikakken allo 'Lokacin da ka yi hulɗa da tattalin arzikin kasuwa, kowa yakan narke kawai' … Oliver Maxwell, wanda ya kafa Bybi, da Anne-Louise Krogh Hornbech Jensen, wadda ke tafiyar da ayyukansa da bincike. Hoto: Valdemar Ren/The Guardian
Amma duk da haka ana samun ayyuka. Wataƙila wannan, kamar zumar, sakamako ne na kudan zuma. A kan rufin, Aref Haboo mai shekaru 53, babban mai kiwon kudan zuma, yana neman sarauniya a cikin zanen zumar kudan zuma. Kurdin Siriya, wanda ya zo Denmark a 2014, ya same ta a gwajinsa na farko, ta amfani da ilhami da ya tara sama da shekaru 18 yana yin wannan aiki a lardin Afrin na arewacin Siriya, kafin Daular Islama ta raba shi da muhallinsa. Kudan zuma na iya gane fuskoki, a bayyane; suna iya lissafta kuma wataƙila har ma da yin mafarki.
Anne-Louise Krogh Hornbech Jensen, mai shekaru 34, wadda ta rubuta karatun digirinta kan Bybi kuma yanzu tana aiki a nan, ta ce koyaushe tana zama kusa da Haboo a kusa da kudan zuma don kada a sare ta — wanda hakan shaida ce da kudan zuma za ta iya bayarwa cewa suna gane fuskoki. Haboo ya ce kudan zumar Denmark ba su da tashin hankali kuma sun fi na Siriya samarwa.
Wannan hanyar samun kuɗi marar tsari ba ita kaɗai ke riƙe Bybi a ruwa ba. Abokan haɗin gwiwarta sun haɗa da jami'o'i, masu gine-gine da kamfanoni kamar L'Oréal, wanda ya ɗauki wasu kudan zuma don ƙasar da ke bayan cibiyar rarrabawa. "Daraktan ya yi sha'awa kuma ya daina yankan ciyawa," in ji Maxwell. "Ya sami akwatunan jemage, akwatunan tsuntsaye, akwatunan bushiya. Sun ɗauki nauyin aikinmu da makarantu. Ma'aikata sun tattara tsaba suka kai gida, don haka bambancin halittun filin yana yaduwa cikin birnin. Daraktan ya gano wani ƙarami na tsuntsu yana yin sheƙa a can lokacin da ya sami zomo da aka yanyanka."
Duba hoto a cikakken allo 'Dole ne ka yarda da cewa: "Babban sha'awarmu ba mutane ba ne"' … Haboo yana kula da mazauninsa. Hoto: Valdemar Ren/The Guardian
Lokacin sake dawo da yanayi, in ji Nicolas Hansen, ɗan shekara 27 mai sa kai kuma ɗalibin kula da yanayi, "dole ne ka yarda da cewa: 'Babban sha'awarmu ba mutane ba ne.' Dole ne ka ba yanayi sararinsa."
Waɗannan tallafin daban-daban suna tallafawa shirye-shiryen makarantu a Bybi, kuma suna haɗin gwiwa da masu fasaha da yawa. Wani lokaci mutane suna rubuta saƙonni ga kudan zuma, kawai suna sanar da su labarai, suna tunawa da zamanin kafin masana'antu lokacin da gidaje da yawa sukan ajiye amya ɗaya ko biyu kuma suna magana da kudan zuma.
'Yan gudun hijira kuma suna aiki a nan, yayin da mutanen da ke kan tallafin rashin iya aiki ke yin sa kai, amma babu wanda zai kira wannan shirin ɗaukar 'yan gudun hijira aiki ko gyara marasa aiki na tattalin arziki. "Muna kuma da 'yan gudun hijirar kamfani masu sa kai," in ji Maxwell cikin sauƙi, yana kwatanta masu sa kai da ayyukansu masu girma suka ƙone su. Andrew Japp, ɗan shekara 52 daga Scotland, ya ce: "Zan kira kaina mai wucewa ne kawai."
Kowace al'umma tana nuna hotonta a kan kudan zumar zuma. Masarawa na dā sun ce hawayen allahn rana Ra ne, don ƙarfafa haƙƙin allahntaka na Fir'auna, wanda aka ba shi lakabin Nesut-Bity, "shi na ciyawa da kudan zuma". Ga Aristotle, kudan zuma su ne "dabbobin siyasa" na farko, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin biranen jihohi. A Manchester, wurin haifuwar jari-hujja na zamani, akwai kudan zuma a kan kowace fitila. Duk harshen da muke amfani da shi game da su — amya, mazauni, ma'aikata, sarauniya — ya sa su zama ba kawai mascot na jari-hujja ba, amma ƙoƙari na daidaita sabani na sabon tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai gyara kansa cikin cikakken hoto, wanda aka tsara a cikin duniyar halitta.
Tsallake tallan wasiƙa
Wasiƙa kyauta | Mako-mako
Yi rajista zuwa Down to Earth
Muhimman labarai na duniya. Sami duk abin da muke bayarwa kai tsaye a imel ɗinka kowace mako.
Nan take aka ce an yi rajista
Ba mu iya ɗaukar nauyin wasiƙar ba. Da fatan za a sake gwadawa daga baya.
Bayan tallan wasiƙa.
"Mun yi amfani da wannan harshe na aiki tuƙuru don su, amma ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata," in ji Maxwell. "Dangantakarsu da fure ba aiki ba ne – jima'i ne. Haifuwar rayuwa ce ta taɓawa, ɗanɗano, wari, rawa, da launi; gashin idanunsu, yadda suke iya ji ta ƙafafunsu. Ƙwarewar hankali ce mai zurfi, kuma ana iya fahimta da ita kawai a matsayin jin daɗi. Ba suna bin umarni ba. Suna bin hankulansu, wanda ke gaya musu cewa yana da kyau."
Duba hoto a cikakken allo
'Yanayin yau cike ne da dama ga haɗin gwiwa da ba a zata ba tsakanin mutane, tsire-tsire, da dabbobi' … ma'aikata da masu sa kai a Bybi. Hoto: Valdemar Ren/The Guardian
Wani lokaci ana kwatanta manufar Bybi a matsayin "rage ci gaba" ko "sake farfadowa." Dukansu sun dace, amma babu wanda ya kama gaggawar – cewa "dukkanmu muna rayuwa da wannan rashin daidaituwar fahimta koyaushe, cewa duk abin da ba shi da kyau ana ƙara girma sosai, daga AI zuwa El Niño, duk da haka ya kamata mu kasance kamar komai yana aiki kuma babu abin da ya canza," in ji Maxwell. "Matsalar ita ce muna buƙatar canza misalanmu."
Lokacin da Bybi ke yanke shawara, yakan yi amfani da abin da masanin falsafa Bruno Latour ya kira "majalisar abubuwa" – ƙoƙari na faɗaɗa dimokuradiyya don haɗa da wadanda ba mutane ba kamar dabbobi, koguna, da tsire-tsire. "Zauna da matsala," ɗaya ne daga cikin kalaman Maxwell, yana nuni ga littafin Donna Haraway na 2016, inda ta bayar da hujjar cewa a gaban rikicin muhalli, bai kamata mu jira cikin fidda rai don a cece mu ba: maimakon haka, kulla dangantaka ta kulawa kuma ku yi yaƙi sosai.
Madeline Pugh, 26, ɗaliba ce mai sa kai daga Amurka. Ta ce Denmark ita ce wurin da ya dace don wannan gwaji: "A matsayin al'ada, tana matuƙar daraja kuma tana samun kyau a cikin tafiyar hawainiya, ɗaukar lokaci don gina wani abu da kyakkyawan niyya." Amma ba labari mai daɗi ba ne na haɗuwa cikin sauƙi da tare zaman juna. Rayuwar Haboo a wajen kudan zuma ba ta da tabbas – ya sami tikitin gudun hijira kwanakin nan wanda zai iya yin barazana ga neman zama ɗan ƙasa, duk da cewa ya kasance a Denmark shekaru 12 kuma matarsa da 'ya'yansa suna nan.
"Al'ummar Denmark tana nuna kamar komai game da burodin sourdough ne da kyawawan 'yan mata a kan kekuna, amma tana da wariyar launin fata sosai. Tana lashe duk kyaututtuka don zama mai rayuwa, amma ba idan kai baƙi ne ba," in ji Maxwell.
Duba hoto a cikakken allo
'Dangantakar kudan zuma da fure ba aiki ba ne – jima'i ne' … tarin kwari a Bybi. Hoto: Valdemar Ren/The Guardian
Akwai muhawara mai zafi game da kudan zumar zuma a Denmark, wadda wani nau'in son ƙasa ne da aka cire harinsa (abin ba'a): akwai nau'ikan kudan zuma 293 a ƙasar, amma ɗaya ne kawai ke yin zuma; duk sauran suna cikin haɗari, a matakai daban-daban. Mutane suna jayayya cewa kudan zumar zuma ba 'yan Denmark ba ne da gaske, cewa suna karɓar aiki daga kudan zuma na daji, cewa suna yin lalata, cewa suna yada cututtuka, kuma cewa makircin EU ne da noma na masana'antu. Kudan zumar zuma suna da alaƙa da noma na masana'antu sosai har sun zama abin da al'ummomin karkara da ke jin an taka su da shi ke mayar da hankali, waɗanda ke ganin kansu a matsayin kudan zumar daji da aka hana haƙƙi a cikin wannan lissafin.
Duk da yawan zumar da ke ko'ina, Bybi ba ta goyon bayan kudan zumar zuma a wannan yaƙin al'ada ba – tana son gabatar da dangantaka da kudan zuma da za ta wadatar da yanayi ga duk kwari masu yin pollination. Wannan yana nufin ƙarin furanni da aka shuka da ƙarin wurare da aka bar don sake dawo da yanayi, amma kuma, a mataki mai zurfi, ƙarin mutane da ke shiga cikin dogaro da juna tsakanin ayyukanmu da muhallin da ke tallafa mana.
Amma akwai adawa ga abin da Bybi ke yi. Wasu suna cewa bai kamata ta shiga gado da kamfanoni ba, ko da yake Japp ya ce dangantakar da kasuwanci ta fi kama da: "Ba mu yarda da shirmen ku ba, amma ya kamata ku yarda da namu." Mutane suna cewa ba za a iya faɗaɗa shi ba – suna tambaya yadda zai ciyar da duniya kuma suna nuni ga dogaronsa ga masu sa kai a matsayin hujja cewa ba zai iya rayuwa da kansa ba. "Kamar dai akwai wuri a duniya da jari-hujja ba ya wanzuwa," in ji Maxwell, cikin takaici. "Dole ne mu fara da yanayin da muke da shi a yau, wanda ba shi da tsari kuma ya lalace, amma kuma cike da dama ga haɗin gwiwa da ba a zata ba tsakanin mutane, tsire-tsire, da dabbobi."
A matsayin wani ɓangare na horo a Gehl, wata cibiyar shawara kan ƙira da ke mai da hankali kan sauyin birane da gina al'umma, Pugh tana aiki kan wani shiri game da sassan ban mamaki takwas, kamar yadda aka bayyana a littafin Dacher Keltner na 2023, Awe. Waɗannan su ne kyawun ɗabi'a (alheri ko ƙarfin hali na wasu); tashin hankali na gama gari (kudan zuma sun ƙware a wannan); yanayi; kiɗa; fasaha; ƙwarewar ruhaniya da addini; rayuwa da mutuwa (kasancewa a wurin ɗaya); da bayyanuwar gaskiya. "Yawancin mutane a nan masu kiyaye ban mamaki ne," in ji ta.
Babu wani tsari da zai iya kwafin ainihin sinadaran mutane, wuri, da yanayi da ake samu a Bybi. Amma gwaji a cikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin nau'ikan halittu da kuma cikin namu — kawo kowa daga masu kwat da wando zuwa waɗanda aka bari a baya — don gina ma'anar manufa ɗaya da tunanin makomar bayan masana'antu? Wannan dole ne a iya faɗaɗa shi. Kuna da ra'ayi kan batutuwan da aka tada a wannan labarin? Idan kuna son gabatar da amsa har zuwa kalmomi 300 ta imel don a yi la'akari da ita don bugawa a sashen wasiƙunmu, da fatan za a danna nan.
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Ga jerin tambayoyin da ake yawan yi dangane da batun labarin game da kiwon kudan zuma a birane da tsarin tattalin arzikin zamani
1 Menene babbar hujar waɗannan masu kiwon kudan zuma na birane
Sun yi imani tsarin tattalin arzikin yanzu ya lalace saboda yana ba da fifiko ga ci gaba mara iyaka da riba akan lafiyar duniya Suna jayayya cewa muna buƙatar sauya daga tsarin da ke hako albarkatu zuwa wanda ke sake farfado da su yana farawa da ayyukan gida kamar kiwon kudan zuma
2 Yaya kiwon kudan zuma ke da alaƙa da gyara tattalin arziki
Kiwon kudan zuma yana aiki a matsayin misali mai amfani na tattalin arzikin sake farfadowa Yana nuna cewa za mu iya ƙirƙirar daraja yayin da muke inganta muhalli a zahiri maimakon lalata shi Misali ne na aiki da yanayi maimakon gaba da shi
3 Menene ma'anar tattalin arzikin sake farfadowa
Tattalin arzikin sake farfadowa tsari ne da aka tsara don dawo da da inganta albarkatun da yake amfani da su Sabanin tsarinmu na masana'antu na yanzu wanda ke lalata ƙasa da albarkatu tsarin sake farfadowa yana nufin barin muhalli cikin yanayi mafi kyau fiye da yadda ya same shi
4 Me ya sa suke tunanin tsarin yanzu ya lalace
Suna nuni ga batutuwa kamar sauyin yanayi rashin daidaiton arziki da bacewar nau'ikan halittu Suna jayayya cewa tattalin arzikin da ke buƙatar lalata yanayi akai-akai don aiki yana da lahani na asali kuma ba zai dawwama ba
5 Menene takamaiman maganin da suke ba da shawara
Maganinsu ita ce rarraba samarwa da mai da hankali kan juriya na gida Ta hanyar ajiye kudan zuma a birane da samar da abinci a gida suna rage buƙatar dogayen sarƙoƙin samarwa kuma suna ƙirƙirar al'ummomi waɗanda suka fi dogaro da kansu kuma suna da alaƙa da yanayi
6 Shin kiwon kudan zuma na birane zai iya maye gurbin tsarin tattalin arzikin yanzu da gaske
A'a ba cikakken maye gurbi ba ne Iri ne ko misali Ra'ayin shi ne cewa idan mutane da yawa suka rungumi ayyukan sake farfadowa kamar kiwon kudan zuma noman birane da ciniki na gida a ƙarshe zai canza tattalin arzikin gaba ɗaya
7 Shin kiwon kudan zuma na birane yana da wahala ga mai farawa
Yana buƙatar sadaukarwa ilimi da ɗan kuɗin farawa amma ana iya samun sa Masu farawa suna buƙatar koyon game da kula da amya dokokin gida da ilimin halittar kudan zuma Abin sha'awa ne na hannu da ke buƙatar kulawa akai-akai musamman a bazara da rani
8 Menene amfanin ajiye kudan zuma a birni
Kudan zumar birane sukan bunƙasa saboda birane suna da nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban da ƙarancin magungunan kashe qwari fiye da gonakin karkara Suna taimakawa wajen yin pollination na lambuna da bishiyoyi na gida wanda ke ƙara samar da abinci
