Kasancewa kusa da tsakiyar barkewar cutar Ebola yana nufin saba da ƙamshin chlorine. Asibitoci da gine-ginen gwamnati suna fesa saman da shi, kuma mutane suna wanke hannayensu a cikin maganin 0.05% wanda zai iya kashe kwayar cutar a cikin dakika 60. Ma'aunin zafin jiki na infrared na hannu suna duba zafin jiki a filayen jiragen sama da kan iyakoki—kowane alamar zazzabi yana hana ku wucewa. Ƙungiyoyin gano masu cutar suna tafiya a cikin karkara.
Daga 2018 zuwa 2020, Butembo, a lardin Kivu na arewacin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, ya kasance wurin barkewar cutar Ebola mafi girma a ƙasar. Rikicin bai kasance game da kwayar cutar kanta ba kawai—ya fi muni saboda matsin lamba na zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki na yankin da ke tsakiyar rikici.
Yayin da jami'an kiwon lafiya na duniya ke magance sabon barkewar cutar Ebola mai tsanani a DRC—wanda ya ba Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya mamaki game da yadda ya yi sauri da nisa—tambayar ita ce: menene muka koya daga barkewar cutar da ta gabata?
Ba kamar COVID ba, Ebola ba kwayar cuta ce mai inganci sosai ba. Ba ta yaduwa ta iska, don haka tana buƙatar saduwa kai tsaye da ruwan jiki kamar jini ko amai. Wannan yana sa ta zama mai haɗari musamman ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, waɗanda ke buƙatar kayan kariya na jiki gabaɗaya da tsauraran hanyoyin tsaftacewa.
Al'adun zamantakewa, kamar taɓa matattu da masu mutuwa a cikin al'ummomin karkara matalauta, sun taimaka wa kwayar cutar ta yadu da sauri a gabashin Kivu da lardin Ituri.
Wani babban al'amari da ya sa martani ya yi wahala shekaru shida da suka gabata shi ne tashin hankalin siyasa tsakanin gwamnati a Kinshasa da kabilun Nande a gabashin Kivu, a cikin tawaye. A lokacin zaɓe, wasu masu amfani da yanayi marasa kyau sun yi amfani da barkewar cutar ta hanyar da'awar cewa Ebola ba ta wanzu ba ko kuma an kawo ta daga waje. Wannan ya haifar da hare-hare da makamai—wasu masu kisa—akan ma'aikatan lafiya da asibitocin Ebola, ciki har da ɗaya a Butembo yayin da Guardian ke ziyarta.
Akwai sabon shirin rigakafin cutar a lokacin wannan barkewar, amma babu rigakafin cutar ga nau'in da ke yanzu a Ituri, wanda ke haifar da nau'in Bundibugyo na Ebola. Wannan shi ne mafi ƙarancin fahimta daga cikin nau'ikan cutar guda uku, kuma ya haifar da barkewar cutar guda biyu kawai a baya—a 2007 da 2012—yana kashe kusan 30% na waɗanda suka kamu.
Wani dalili na damuwa a barkewar cutar ta yanzu shi ne cewa ƙila an rasa lokuta a farkon, wanda zai iya ba da damar yaduwar cutar ba tare da an lura ba.
Bambanci ɗaya mai mahimmanci daga manyan barkewar cutar da ta gabata a yamma da tsakiyar Afirka shi ne yadda WHO ta yi saurin ayyana wannan a matsayin gaggawar lafiyar jama'a ta duniya (PHEIC). A 2018, an soki WHO sosai saboda jira watanni huɗu kafin yin wannan sanarwar. An ayyana PHEIC a matsayin "wani abu na ban mamaki wanda zai iya haifar da haɗarin lafiyar jama'a ga wasu ƙasashe ta hanyar yaduwa a duniya kuma yana iya buƙatar martani na haɗin gwiwa na duniya."
A barkewar cutar ta yanzu, an ayyana PHEIC a cikin sa'o'i 48. Shugaban WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, ya ce ya damu sosai har ya yanke shawarar yin aiki ba tare da jiran taron kwamitin gaggawa ba.
Duk da haka, Daniela Manno, masanin cututtuka na asibiti a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta London, ta yi gargadin cewa barkewar cutar Ituri ta yanzu tana da wasu abubuwan da ke dagula rikice-rikice na barkewar cutar 2018–2020.
"Na farko, adadin lokuta da ake zargin an ruwaito kafin tabbatarwa yana nuna cewa ƙila kwayar cutar ta yadu na makonni da yawa kafin a amince da barkewar cutar a hukumance," in ji ta. "Na biyu, barkewar cutar tana faruwa a wani yanki da ke fama da rashin tsaro, ƙaura, da yawan motsin jama'a—dukkan waɗannan na iya sa sa ido, gano masu cutar, da isar da kiwon lafiya su yi wahala sosai. Wani barkewar cutar Ebola a baya a Kivu ta Arewa..." Tsakanin 2018 da 2020, barkewar cutar a lardunan Kivu ta Arewa da Ituri ta kwashe kusan shekaru biyu. Rashin tsaro da rashin amincewar al'umma sun yi ta katsewa akai-akai ga gano masu cutar, rigakafin, da ƙoƙarin mayar da martani.
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo
Wani jami'in kiwon lafiya na kan iyaka a mashigar tsakanin Uganda da DRC yana duba zafin jikin matafiyi. Masana sun ce yaduwar cutar zuwa Uganda ta tura WHO ta yi gaggawar aiki. Hoton: AFP/Getty Images
"Bugu da ƙari, yanzu an yi imanin cewa barkewar cutar ta haifar da kwayar cutar Bundibugyo, wata kwayar cutar Ebola da ba kasafai ba wacce a halin yanzu babu wani rigakafi ko takamaiman magani da aka ba da lasisi. Haka kuma babu wani rigakafi a cikin ci gaban asibiti na ƙarshe wanda za a iya tura shi da sauri yayin barkewar cutar."
"Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa DRC tana da gogewa mai yawa game da mayar da martani ga barkewar cutar Ebola, kuma ƙarfin mayar da martani ya fi ƙarfi a yau fiye da shekaru goma da suka gabata."
Anne Cori, farfesa a fannin ƙirar cututtuka a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, ta ce yaduwar cutar ta ketare iyaka ta duniya ta yi tasiri ga saurin ayyana gaggawar lafiyar jama'a ta duniya (PHEIC).
Ebola: ta yaya take yaduwa kuma za a iya shawo kan barkewar cutar? – podcast
Kara karantawa
"PHEIC sanarwa ce ta hukuma da WHO ke yi a ƙarƙashin dokokin kiwon lafiya na duniya, tare da amincewa da yanayin barazanar lafiyar jama'a na duniya. Yana da nufin taimakawa wajen jawo hankali da albarkatu, da kuma daidaita ƙoƙarin mayar da martani a matakin duniya."
"PHEIC ta ƙarshe don barkewar cutar Ebola an ayyana ta ne a watan Yuli 2019 yayin barkewar cutar Ebola ta 2018–2020 a lardin Kivu ta Arewa, DRC. A wancan lokacin, an ayyana PHEIC shekara guda bayan barkewar cutar, bayan da ta kai yankin birnin Goma kuma ta yi barazanar yaduwa a duniya zuwa Rwanda da ke kusa."
"Barkewar cutar ta yanzu ta riga ta haɗa da lokuta da aka tabbatar a DRC da Uganda, wanda wataƙila ya yi tasiri ga ayyana PHEIC, saboda mayar da hankali kan yanayin barazanar na duniya."
Peter Beaumont ya ruwaito daga Butembo don Guardian a 2019, yana ziyartar cibiyoyin kula da cutar Ebola da ƙoƙarin rigakafin.
Tambayoyi da Amsoshi
Ga jerin tambayoyi da amsoshi dangane da batun Yayin da WHO ke ƙara faɗakarwa game da Ebola a DRC, wane darasi za mu iya koya daga barkewar cutar da ta gabata
Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko
1 Me yasa WHO ke ƙara faɗakarwa game da Ebola a DRC kuma
WHO ta damu saboda DRC tana da tarihin barkewar cutar Ebola kuma sabbin lokuta na iya yaduwa da sauri a yankuna masu nisa da tsarin kiwon lafiya marasa ƙarfi. Ƙara faɗakarwa da wuri yana taimakawa samun albarkatu da masana a ƙasa da sauri don dakatar da kwayar cutar.
2 Menene babban darasin da muka koya daga barkewar cutar Ebola ta Yammacin Afirka ta 2014–2016
Babban darasin shi ne cewa sauri shine komai. Barkewar cutar ta 2014 ta yadu saboda martanin duniya ya yi jinkiri sosai. Yanzu manufar ita ce a ayyana barkewar cutar nan take, a tura ƙungiyoyi, kuma a fara gano masu cutar a cikin kwanaki, ba watanni ba.
3 Ta yaya rigakafin cutar Ebola ke taimaka mana yanzu idan aka kwatanta da barkewar cutar da ta gabata
A lokacin barkewar cutar da ta gabata, babu wani rigakafi da aka amince da shi. Yanzu muna da rigakafin rVSVZEBOV, wanda ke da inganci sosai a kan nau'in Zaire. Wannan yana ba mu damar kare ma'aikatan gaba da masu saduwa da marasa lafiya, yana haifar da zoben rigakafi.
4 Me yasa amincewar al'umma ke da mahimmanci sosai wajen dakatar da Ebola
Idan mutane ba su amince da ma'aikatan lafiya ba—saboda tsoro, rashin fahimta, ko rikici na baya—suna ɓoye alamun cutar, suna ƙin magani, kuma suna guje wa ƙungiyoyin binnewa. A barkewar cutar da ta gabata, wannan ya ba da damar kwayar cutar ta yadu a hankali. Yanzu mun san cewa dole ne mu yi aiki da shugabannin gida kuma mu saurari al'ummomi.
Tambayoyi na Matsakaici da Na Gaba
5 Wane takamaiman kuskure daga barkewar cutar Kivu ta Arewa ta 2018–2020 muke ƙoƙarin gujewa yanzu
Wannan barkewar cutar ita ce ta biyu mafi muni a tarihi. Manyan kurakurai sun haɗa da matsalolin tsaro, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, da rashin haɗin kai da al'umma. Darasin shi ne cewa ba za ku iya yaƙi da Ebola da magani kaɗai ba; kuna buƙatar tsaro, diflomasiyya, da amincewar gida.
6 Ta yaya gano masu cutar ya inganta tun daga barkewar cutar farko
A baya, ana yin gano masu cutar da takarda da alkalami, wanda yake jinkiri kuma yana da kurakurai. Yanzu muna amfani da kayan aikin dijital don bin diddigin masu cutar a lokaci guda. Duk da haka, babban darasin ya kasance: dole ne ku nemo
