Masu wucewa suna jin warin matattun kifin kafin su gan su. A watan Agusta, an sami fiye da kifaye 3,000 na pike, roach, carp da rudd marasa rai a gefen Kogin Wensum a Norwich. Wasu suna haki don neman iska a lokacinsu na ƙarshe, suna matuƙar neman iskar oxygen da yanayin zafi ya rage a cikin ruwan. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa mutuwar ta samo asali ne daga ruwan sama mai ƙarfi wanda ya wanke gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu mai yawa cikin kogin a lokacin da namun daji ke fama. Kogin alli mai nisan mil 45 (70km) yana ɗaya daga cikin kusan 250 a ƙasar. Haɗari ne na ilimin ƙasa kusan na musamman ga Biritaniya - kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin mazauni a Duniya. Suna fitowa daga magudanan ruwa na alli kuma gida ne ga nau'ikan kamar shrimp na ruwan daɗi, otters da stoneflies, kuma suna ba da ruwan sha ga miliyoyin mutane. Amma 11 ne kawai ke da kariya ta hukuma, tare da yawancin da gurɓataccen najasa da wuce gona da iri suka lalata. Kogin Norfolk yana ɗaya daga cikin kaɗan da ke da kariya ta doka, amma yana cikin mummunan lafiyar muhalli. "Muna nesa da ruwa mai tsabta, mai gudana cikin walwala da wadata da ma'adanai da za su iya, kuma ya kamata su kasance," in ji Eliot Lyne, shugaban Norfolk Wildlife Trust. Wannan shekaru goma ya kamata ya nuna canji a dangantakar ɗan adam da duniyar halitta. A ƙarshen 2022, kusan kowace gwamnati a Duniya ta himmatu ga yarjejeniya mai buri don ingantacciyar kariya ga bambancin halittun duniya da ke ɓacewa cikin sauri a wani taro a Montreal, Kanada. Masu sasantawa sun yi musafaha kan manufofin da suka haɗa da kare kashi 30% na duniya don yanayi, maido da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mafi munin lalacewar yanayin muhalli na duniya, da sake fasalin aƙalla dala biliyan 500 (£375bn) na tallafin da ke cutar da muhalli. Wasu masana kimiyya sun ce muna cikin mafi girman asarar rayuwa tun zamanin dinosaurs, wanda ke jefa nau'ikan miliyan cikin haɗarin bacewa. A wannan lokacin, ɗan adam shine meteor. Yarjejeniyar Montreal ita ce amsa. Duba hoto a cikakken allo Jagorancin taron COP15 na bambancin halittu yana murna da amincewa da yarjejeniyar da ta kafa manufofin duniya na wannan shekaru goma a Montreal, Kanada, Disamba 2022. Hoto: IISD Amma shekaru huɗu bayan haka, gwamnatoci suna da alama kusan tabbas za su rasa kusan dukkan manufofin yarjejeniyar - wanda zai iya ci gaba da rikodin rashin taɓa cimma wata manufa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yanayi tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri yarjejeniyar bambancin halittu a taron Rio Earth Summit a 1992. Biritaniya, ɗaya daga cikin muryoyin da suka fi ƙarfi da ke neman buri a Montreal, tana kan hanyar cimma manufofi uku kawai daga cikin 23 nan da ƙarshen shekaru goma. A wannan makon, ƙasashe suna taruwa a Cop17 a Yerevan, Armenia, don yanke shawarar abin da za su yi na gaba. A jajibirin taron, yayin ƙaddamar da wani rahoto da ke nuna yadda duniya ta yi nisa wajen cimma waɗannan alkawuran, António Guterres, babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya yi gargaɗi cewa rashin ci gaba yana nufin "yaƙin da ake yi da yanayi bai ƙare ba" kuma "yanayi ba zai tsira da kyawawan niyya ba". Bayan haka, a wani jawabi ga shugabanni a wani taron da aka yi a Armenia, Guterres ya sake jaddada mahimmancin aiki kan tallafi musamman. "Tallafawa albarkatun mai shine tallafawa kashe kai," in ji Guterres. "Suna tafasa duniyarmu kuma su ne annoba ga bambancin halittu. Ina kira ga gwamnatoci a ko'ina da su kawo ƙarshen waɗannan tallafin gaba ɗaya, kuma su yi amfani da ajiyar kuɗin don mutane da duniya maimakon." "Akwai babban gibi tsakanin ƙasashe sun yarda su yi wani abu da kuma yin shi a zahiri," in ji Zac Goldsmith, tsohon ministan gwamnatin Biritaniya lokacin da aka cimma yarjejeniyar. "Nan ne muke a yau." Masu kiyaye muhalli na Biritaniya suna nuni ga gibi mai girma tsakanin maganganun gwamnati da aiki. "Biritaniya ta dawo kan fagen duniya kan yanayi," in ji sakataren muhalli na lokacin Steve Reed yayin da yake tsaye ƙarƙashin kwarangwal na blue whale a Gidan Tarihi na Halitta a cikin 'yan watannin farko na gwamnatin Starmer. Tun daga lokacin, gwamnati ta raunana dokoki kan ribar bambancin halittu a Ingila, ta yanke dubun-dubatar fam na kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen kare dazuzzuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na yanke tallafin, kuma Biritaniya ta ƙi amincewa da cikakken haramcin kamun kifi na ƙasa a yankunan da aka kare na ruwa. Natural England ba ta ayyana wani sabon wuri na musamman na kimiyya don kare namun daji da mazauni ba tun 2023.
Yerevan, Armenia, inda ƙasashe za su taru a wannan watan a Cop17 don duba ci gaban manufofin yanayi. Hoto: Cop17 Yerevan
"Don mu zagaya duniya muna gaya wa wasu ƙasashe cewa dole ne su cimma waɗannan manufofin ba tare da muna da shirin cimma su a gida ba, wani nau'i ne na mulkin mallaka na sabon zamani," in ji Craig Bennett, shugaban The Wildlife Trusts. "Dole ne mu ɗaga safa mu yi da gaske game da bayarwa a gida. Mu ne al'ummar Sir David Attenborough. Mu masu son dabbobi da yanayi ne."
Wani mai magana da yawun gwamnatin Biritaniya ya ce ta goyi bayan dawo da yanayi da juriyar yanayi da fam biliyan 7 na kuɗi, kuma ta aiwatar da sabbin iko don magance gurɓataccen ruwa, ba da kuɗin dawo da nau'ikan halittu da tallafawa ayyukan kiyaye muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa.
Biritaniya ta kuma dawo da alkawurran tallafin yanayi, wanda da alama an yi watsi da su a farkon wannan shekara, inda ta yi alkawarin kusan fam biliyan 6 na kuɗin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa daga kasafin tallafi a cikin shekaru uku na kuɗi masu zuwa, tare da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu da ake sa ran za a kashe kan yanayi.
Jonathan Hall, manajan darakta na Conservation International UK, ya gaya wa Guardian: "Dawo da manufar da aka watsar na tallafin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallafin yanayi na Biritaniya siyasa ce mai hikima, idan aka yi la'akari da goyon bayan jama'ar Biritaniya, kuma jari mai hikima ne a cikin tsaronmu na duniya da juriyarmu yayin fuskantar rugujewar yanayin muhalli. Wannan sake himmatuwa da ake maraba da shi yanzu yana buƙatar samun ƙarin bayyana gaskiya don mu tabbatar an kashe wannan kusan fam biliyan 1.5 yadda ya kamata."
Amma gaggawar gargaɗin ba ta canza ba. A farkon wannan shekara, wani rahoto daga shugabannin leƙen asiri ya yi gargaɗi cewa rugujewar yanayin muhalli haɗari ne ga tsaron ƙasa, yana barazana ga ƙasar da ƙarancin abinci, rikicin tattalin arziki da rikice-rikice na duniya. Amma yanayi ya kasa tserewa daga guguwar yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu na populist na duniya.
A Netherlands, ƙoƙarin da EU ta yi a 2019 don murkushe gurɓataccen nitrogen don kare yanayin muhalli mai rauni ya haifar da zanga-zangar manoma a faɗin ƙasar. Yayin da rashin jin daɗin ya kasance kafin manufofin bambancin halittu na wannan shekaru goma, dokar dawo da yanayi, babban kunshin dokokin EU da ya samo asali daga yarjejeniyar, ita ma ta shiga cikin mummunan rashin jituwa da ƙungiyar dama a majalisar Turai, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin hana ka'idojin saboda tasirin da zai yi kan noma. An zartar da ita a ƙarshe, amma sai bayan an yi mata ruwa sosai.
Tsallake tallan wasiƙar labarai
Wasiƙar labarai kyauta | Mako-mako
Yi rajista ga Down to Earth
Muhimman labarun duniya. Sami duk labaran muhalli na mako - mai kyau, mara kyau da mahimmanci
Shigar da imel ɗinka
Yi rajista
bayan tallan wasiƙar labarai
Manoma suna zanga-zangar adawa da murkushewar EU kan gurɓataccen nitrogen a The Hague, Netherlands, Oktoba 2019. Hoto: Vincent Jannink/EPA
"A Netherlands, sun yi ƙoƙari sosai kuma ka ga wannan babbar adawa. Al'amari ne mai matuƙar damuwa a siyasance," in ji Steven Guilbeault, tsohon ministan muhalli na Kanada, wanda ya taimaka wajen jagorantar tattaunawar 2022 tare da ministan muhalli na China, Huang Runqiu. "Gwamnatoci ba koyaushe suke da kyau wajen sadar da waɗannan sassa na manufofi masu rikitarwa ba. Yana da sauƙi ga mai suka ya fito da wata taken da ba ta da ma'ana kwata-kwata da za a ɗauka a kafofin sada zumunta," in ji shi.
Shugabancin Donald Trump na biyu kuma ya kasance bala'i ga ɓangaren kiyaye muhalli. Daruruwan ayyuka a baya sun sami goyon baya daga Washington DC - daga dakatar da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a tsibirin Galápagos zuwa goyon bayan dawo da gidan shakatawa na ƙasa na Gorongosa a Mozambique bayan yaƙin basasa - amma mummunan yanke da Trump ya yi ga USAID da sauran hukumomin gwamnati ya nufi kuɗi ya ƙafe cikin dare ga yawancin shirye-shirye.
Masu binciken laifukan namun daji na Uganda da USAID ke tallafawa suna aiki a 2024. A 2016, yawancin ƙasashen Turai sun bi sawu, duk da cewa sun sanya hannu kan manufar ƙara kuɗin bambancin halittu zuwa dala biliyan 30 a shekara nan da ƙarshen shekaru goma. Biritaniya ta yanke kuɗin Darwin Initiative, ta cire cancantar aƙalla ƙasashe 89 a farkon wannan shekara. Ƙoƙarin shigar da ɓangaren masu zaman kansu ya yi fama; wani sabon asusu da aka yi niyya don samun kamfanoni da ke amfani da nau'ikan bambancin halittu na dijital don binciken kasuwanci - wanda masu goyon baya suka yi fatan zai tara daruruwan miliyoyin kowace shekara - ya tara dala 6,000 kawai ya zuwa yanzu.
Hoton ba gaba ɗaya baƙin ciki ba ne. Yawancin ƙasashe sun amsa ga manyan sassan yarjejeniyar. Wani kiyasi ya nuna cewa ƙasashe za su iya kusan cimma sashin ƙasa na manufar 30x30, kuma yarjejeniyar ta haifar da ƙaddamar da ƙarin yankunan 'yan asalin ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe da yawa.
Ko manyan yankunan da aka kare za su iya zuwa: wurare kamar French Polynesia sun kafa manyan wuraren shakatawa na ruwa. Ƙasashe kamar Kazakhstan sun yi amfani da yarjejeniyar don jagorantar babban ƙoƙarin dawo da yanayi, suna dawo da Caspian tiger. Amma gibin da ke tsakanin abin da kimiyya ke buƙata don kauce wa rikicin muhalli da saurin canji na yanzu ya kasance babba - kuma aiki ne na gaggawa ga masu sasantawa a Armenia.
An saki tiger cikin dajin Kazakhstan a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake yawan jama'a. Hoto: Anadolu/Getty Images
"Manufofin kariya suna raguwa, shirye-shiryen ƙasa da aka yi alkawari ba su bayyana ba tukuna, kuma kuɗin da aka alkawarta ba ya isa inda ake buƙata. Wannan yana ƙara zama yanayi ɗaya da aka raba a cikin hanyoyin muhalli: yin alkawura shine sassauƙan ɓangare; cika su ya fi wahala," in ji Li Shuo, darektan China Climate Hub a Asia Society Policy Institute.
"Canji mai ɗorewa zai faru ne kawai lokacin da ƙasashe suka shigar da gaggawa cikin zuciyarsu don yin aiki kuma suka fassara alkawura zuwa aikin gida. Fiye da rabin wannan shekaru goma, yawancin ƙasashe har yanzu suna tafiya a hankali sosai."
Nemo ƙarin ɗaukar hoto na zamanin bacewa a nan, kuma bi masu ba da rahoto kan bambancin halittu Rebecca Ratcliffe, Phoebe Weston da Patrick Greenfield a cikin manhajar don duk sabbin labarai da siffofi.
Dandalin yanayi na Guardian 2026
A ranar Talata, 20 ga Oktoba, shiga Zoe Williams da kwamitinmu na ƙwararru - ciki har da Farfesa Andy Haines, Katie White MP, Asad Rehman, Shruti Suresh, Gareth Thomas da Amy Fairman - don maraice mai bege, mai mayar da hankali kan mafita.
Yi rijistar tikiti a nan ko a guardian.live
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi Shin Ƙasashe Za Su Iya Cika Yarjejeniyar Don Ceton Tsirrai da Dabbobin Duniya
1 Menene wannan yarjejeniyar duniya don ceton tsirrai da dabbobi
Tana nufin Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, yarjejeniyar 2022 inda kusan ƙasashe 200 suka himmatu ga dakatarwa da juyar da asarar yanayi nan da 2030
2 Menene ma'anar bambancin halittu
Bambancin halittu shine bambancin duk abubuwa masu rai - tsirrai, dabbobi, fungi da ƙananan halittu - da yanayin muhallin da suke samarwa
3 Menene manyan manufofin yarjejeniyar
Manyan manufofi sun haɗa da kare kashi 30 na ƙasa da tekuna nan da 2030, maido da yanayin muhallin da ya lalace, yanke tallafin da ke cutar da muhalli da tara biliyoyin kuɗi don yanayi
4 Me ya sa ceton bambancin halittu ke da muhimmanci
Ingantattun yanayin muhalli suna ba mu abinci, ruwa mai tsabta, magani da kariya daga yanayi. Rashin yanayi yana barazana ga tattalin arziki, lafiya da tsaron abinci
5 Shin ƙasashe za su iya cimma waɗannan manufofin da gaske
Yana yiwuwa amma ba tabbas ba. Nasara ta dogara da kuɗi, dokoki masu ƙarfi, aiwatarwa da nufin siyasa - wuraren da ci gaba bai daidaita ba ya zuwa yanzu
6 Menene babban cikas
Kuɗi da bin diddigin. Yawancin ƙasashe sun yi alkawura amma ba su daidaita su da kasafin kuɗi, manufofi ko shirye-shirye masu aunawa ba
7 Menene ma'anar 30x30
Manufa ce ta kare aƙalla kashi 30 na ƙasa da tekunan duniya nan da 2030 ta hanyar wuraren shakatawa, ajiya da sauran yankunan kiyaye muhalli
8 Me ya sa 30 ke zama lambar sihiri
Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa kare kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yanayin muhalli yana ba yanayi dama ta gaske don murmurewa da ɗorewa - ko da yake ingancin kariya yana da muhimmanci kamar yawa
9 Yaya ake auna ci gaba
Ƙasashe suna gabatar da shirye-shiryen ƙasa kuma suna ba da rahoto kan alamomi kamar ɗaukar yankunan da aka kare, yanayin nau'ikan halittu da maido da su. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana duba ko alkawura suna juya zuwa aiki
10 Me talakawa za su iya yi don taimakawa
Goyi bayan kiyaye muhalli na gida, rage sharar gida, zaɓi samfuran da suka dace da muhalli kuma tura shugabanni su cika alkawuransu. Matsin jama'a yana da muhimmanci
11 Menene misalin ƙasar da ke samun ci gaba
Costa Rica ta juyar da sare dazuzzuka ta hanyar biyan masu mallakar fili don kare dazuzzuka, wanda ke nuna cewa doka mai ƙarfi za ta iya maido da yanayi
12 Me zai faru idan ƙasashe suka gaza
Bacewar nau'ikan halittu zai ƙara sauri, yanayin muhalli zai raunana kuma manufofin yanayi za su fi wahala cimmawa - yana cutar da kayan abinci da tattalin arzikin duniya
