Wani bincike ya nuna cewa Microsoft da sauran kamfanonin fasaha na Amurka sun yi nasarar yin lobi ga Tarayyar Turai don ɓoye tasirin muhalli na cibiyoyin bayanansu. Bukatunsu na toshe wani bayanan jama'a na ma'aunin muhalli an haɗa su kusan kalma-kalma cikin ka'idojin EU.
An ƙara wannan sashe na sirri ga shawarwarin Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a cikin 2024 bayan lobi na masana'antu, wannan sashe na sirri yana hana binciken gurbatar muhalli daga cibiyoyin bayanai na mutum ɗaya. Masu bincike a yanzu suna samun damar yin amfani da taƙaitaccen bayanin amfani da makamashinsu a matakin ƙasa kawai.
Haɓakar AI ya haifar da gina cibiyoyin bayanai masu cin wutar lantarki cikin sauri, wanda wasu ke amfani da man fetur. Masana shari'a suna faɗakar da cewa ƙa'idar sirri mai faɗi na iya saba wa dokokin bayyana gaskiya na EU da Yarjejeniyar Aarhus, wacce ke ba da damar samun bayanan muhalli ga jama'a.
Farfesa Jerzy Jendrośka, tsohon memba na hukumar sa ido ta yarjejeniyar kuma masanin dokar muhalli, ya ce, "A cikin shekaru ashirin, ba na iya tunawa da irin wannan lamari. Wannan a fili yana ganin bai dace da yarjejeniyar ba."
Takardun da Investigate Europe ya samu, wanda ya jagoranci binciken tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa ciki har da Guardian, sun nuna ana amfani da ƙa'idar don kare cibiyoyin bayanai. A bara, wani babban jami'in EU ya tunatar da hukumomin ƙasa ta imel game da aikinsu na "kula da duk bayanai da ma'auni masu mahimmanci na ayyukan cibiyoyin bayanai na mutum ɗaya a asirce," yana mai cewa an ƙi duk buƙatun jama'a na wannan bayanin.
Yayin da Amurka da China ke kan gaba a fannin AI, Turai ma tana faɗaɗa ƙarfin cibiyoyin bayanai cikin sauri, da niyyar ƙara sau uku cikin shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai.
A cikin 2023, EU ta sabunta umarnin ingantaccen amfani da makamashi don buƙatar masu sarrafa cibiyoyin bayanai su ba da rahoton bayanan muhalli, da farko suna shawarar buga jimillar alkaluma. Duk da haka, yayin shawarwari a cikin Janairu 2024, kamfanonin fasaha sun tura don rarraba duk bayanan mutum ɗaya a matsayin sirri don kare muradun kasuwanci, wanda ya sa ba a buƙaci bayanan 'yancin bayanai.
Ƙa'idar ƙarshe, kusan iri ɗaya da kalmomin masana'antu, ta ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar da ƙasashe membobin su kiyaye duk bayanan cibiyar bayanai na mutum ɗaya a asirce, suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai mahimmanci na kasuwanci.
Lobi don wannan canji ya fito ne daga Microsoft, DigitalEurope (wanda membobinsa suka haɗa da Microsoft, Google, Amazon, da Meta), da Video Games Europe (ciki har da Microsoft da Netflix).
Ben Youriev na InfluenceMap ya lura cewa wannan yana nuna martanin yankin fasaha ga karuwar amfani da makamashi: "Inda masana'antu a baya suka yi magana a bayyane game da goyon bayansu ga makamashi mai tsabta da rage hayaki, yawancin kamfanoni sun yi shiru tun daga lokacin. Maimakon haka, suna ganin suna ba da fifiko ga gina cibiyoyin bayanai cikin sauri a duniya."
DigitalEurope bai yi tsokaci ba, kuma Hukumar da Video Games Europe sun ƙi yin tsokaci. Mafi kyawun aikin jarida na maslaha na jama'a an gina shi ne akan bayanan farko daga masu ilimi. Idan kuna da bayanai don rabawa kan wannan batu, kuna iya tuntuɓar mu a asirce ta hanyoyin masu zuwa:
**Saƙon Tsaro a cikin App ɗin Guardian**
App ɗin Guardian ya haɗa da kayan aikin ƙaddamar da tukwici mai tsaro. Saƙonni suna rufewa daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe kuma an ɓoye su a cikin ayyukan al'ada na app, wanda hakan ya sa mai kallo ba zai iya gane cewa kuna hulɗa da mu ko ganin abubuwan da ke cikin saƙonninku ba. Idan ba ku da app ɗin, zaku iya saukewa (iOS/Android), buɗe menu, kuma zaɓi "Saƙon Tsaro."
**SecureDrop**
Idan kuna iya samun damar cikin aminci ga hanyar sadarwar Tor ba tare da an sa ido ba, kuna iya aika saƙonni da takardu ta dandalin SecureDrop ɗin mu.
Jagorarmu a theguardian.com/tips ta zayyana hanyoyin tuntuɓar juna da yawa masu tsaro kuma tana tattauna fa'idodi da iyakoki na kowannensu.
Microsoft ta ce tana goyon bayan ƙarin bayyana gaskiya game da cibiyoyin bayanai, tana mai cewa bayyana dorewa na iya inganta sakamako da kuma samar da amincewar jama'a. Kakakin ya kara da cewa, "Muna ɗaukar ƙarin matakai don ƙara buɗe ido, yayin kare bayanan kasuwanci na sirri."
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana kallon ƙa'idar a matsayin mataki na farko zuwa tsarin ƙima na EU gama gari na cibiyoyin bayanai. A cikin kashi na biyu - tare da ƙarshen shawarwarin jama'a kan doka a wannan watan - tana shirin buga makin dorewa daga cikin bayanan don "sauƙaƙe kwatanta cibiyoyin bayanai daban-daban a yanki ɗaya da haɓaka ƙira mafi inganci." A ƙarƙashin shawarwarin yanzu, yawancin bayanan da masu aiki suka bayar za su kasance a asirce.
A cewar majiyoyi kusa da lamarin, matsayin ciki na Hukumar shine cewa bayyana bayanan kowane cibiyar bayanai ga jama'a na iya hana masu aikawa bayar da rahoton ma'aunin dorewarsu. Duk da haka, bayanan EU sun nuna cewa kashi 36% kawai na cibiyoyin bayanai masu cancanta sun bi ka'idojin bayar da rahoto.
Alex de Vries-Gao, mai bincike a Jami'ar Vrije Amsterdam, ya ce masana'antar tana da "sha'awa ta gaske na ɓoye lambobin." Ya lura cewa lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin ƙididdige tasirin muhalli na AI, ya fi dogaro da jimillar bayanai. "Bayanin jama'a yana da iyaka sosai. Yawanci dole ne ku koma baya don fitar da kowane lambobi," in ji shi.
A ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Aarhus, ana buƙatar EU don tabbatar da cewa hukumomi suna ba da bayanan muhalli ga jama'a bisa tsari.
Luc Lavrysen, tsohon shugaban Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Belgium kuma farfesa mai ritaya a fannin dokar muhalli a Jami'ar Ghent, ya ce sashe na sirri "a fili yana saba wa" dokokin bayyana gaskiya na EU da Yarjejeniyar Aarhus.
Kristina Irion, mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin dokar bayanai a Jami'ar Amsterdam, ta kammala da irin wannan hukunci. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa "babban zato na sirri" yana ba da fifikon muradun kamfanoni fiye da samun damar jama'a ga aƙalla wasu bayanai. "Abin da ya cancanci kariya a matsayin bayanan sirri da ke shafar muradun kasuwanci na kamfanonin cibiyoyin bayanai ya kamata a ƙaddara bisa ga kowane hali," in ji ta.
**Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi**
Tambayoyi game da Kamfanonin Fasaha na Amurka, Hayakin Cibiyoyin Bayanai na EU, Sirri
Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko
1. Menene wannan game da shi?
Wannan game da manyan kamfanonin fasaha na Amurka ne da suka yi nasarar yin lobi ga jami'an Tarayyar Turai don hana bayyana takamaiman bayanai game da amfani da makamashi da hayakin iskar gas na cibiyoyin bayanansu.
2. Menene cibiyoyin bayanai?
Cibiyoyin bayanai manyan wurare ne da ke ɗauke da tsarin kwamfuta da sabobin. Suna adana, sarrafa, da rarraba ɗimbin bayanai waɗanda ke ba da ƙarfin intanet, lissafin girgije, sabis na yawo, da kayan aikin AI. Suna buƙatar ɗimbin wutar lantarki don gudanarwa da sanyaya.
3. Menene ma'anar bayanan hayaki a asirce?
Yana nufin cewa a ƙarƙashin wata takamaiman dokar EU, waɗannan kamfanoni ba a buƙatar bayyana cikakkun bayanai na daidaitaccen bayani game da yawan makamashin da cibiyoyin bayanansu ke amfani da shi ko sakamakon hayakin carbon. Jama'a da masu gudanarwa za su ga ƙarancin bayanai.
4. Me ya sa kamfanonin fasaha ke son a kiyaye wannan bayanin a asirce?
Kamfanoni suna jayayya cewa wannan bayanin sirri ne na kasuwanci kuma bayyana shi ga jama'a na iya bayyana bayanan gasa game da ayyukansu da ingancinsu. Hakanan suna iya son sarrafa labarin muhallinsu da kuma guje wa bincike ko zargi na jama'a idan hayakin su ya yi yawa.
5. Wace dokar EU ce ke da hannu?
Babbar doka ita ce Umarnin Bayar da Rahoto na Dorewa na Kamfani. Kamfanonin fasaha sun yi lobi don tsara ƙa'idodin ƙarshe, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin ƙa'idodin bayyana gaskiya ga jama'a don ma'aunin makamashi da hayakin cibiyoyin bayanai.
Tambayoyi Masu zurfi da Cikakkun bayanai
6. Ta yaya lobi ya yi aiki daidai?
Ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin masana'antu kamar Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Kwamfuta da Sadarwa, kamfanoni sun gabatar da ra'ayoyin yau da kullun, sun haɗu kai tsaye da masu tsara manufofin EU, kuma sun yi jayayya cewa ƙa'idodin bayar da rahoton jama'a masu tsauri sun wuce kima kuma suna barazana ga ƙirƙira da gasa.
7. Wadanne takamaiman maki na bayanai aka ajiye a asirce a yanzu?
Yayin da kamfanoni dole ne su ba da rahoton wasu bayanai masu girma, mahimman ma'auni masu mahimmanci da za su kasance a asirce sun haɗa da:
- Ingantaccen Amfani da Wutar Lantarki: Cikakken ma'auni na ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na cibiyoyin bayanai
- Jimillar amfani da makamashi na kowane wuri
- Amfani da ruwa don sanyaya
- Ƙananan hayakin iskar gas da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman cibiyoyin bayanai
8. Menene bambanci tsakanin wannan da rahotannin dorewa na kamfanoni kansu?
Kamfanoni sau da yawa suna buga zaɓaɓɓun bayanan muhalli a cikin rahotanninsu na son rai. Ƙoƙarin lobi ya kasance game da guje wa buƙatun bayar da rahoton jama'a.
