Ba da daɗewa ba bayan rufe kasuwar hannayen jari ta Norway a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2026, wasu ƴan mutane daga ƙaramin garin Vevring da ke gabar tekun yamma sun taru a kusa da wata kwamfuta ta tafi-da-gidanka a wata makaranta. A kewaye da su akwai zane-zanen yara da tagogi da ke kallon tashar ruwan Førde fjord, suna saurare yayin da labari ke zuwa daga Oslo. Kotun kolin Norway ta yanke hukunci kan gwamnati: izinin zubar da sharar hakar ma'adinai kai tsaye cikin fjord mai nisan mil biyu a sama, ba shi da doka, in ji kotun.
Wannan lokacin ya nuna ƙarshen gwagwarmayar shekaru 17, ɗaya daga cikin dogon gwagwarmayar muhalli a Norway da aka taɓa tunawa a kwanan nan. A Oslo, Ingvild Fonn Asmervik, shugabar aikin Naturvernforbundet (Abokan Duniya Norway), ta kwatanta farin cikinta da haihuwa. Ga Anne-Line Thingnes Førsund, mai kamun kifi na ƙarni na uku da ke zaune a gefen fjord a Vevring kuma mai aikin sa kai na reshen ƙungiyar agaji na gida, ji ne na sauƙi. Kamar dutse ya ɗauke daga kafaɗunta, in ji ta.
Waɗannan ji na farin ciki ba su daɗe ba. Yayin da Førsund da wasu ke murna, wani lauyan gwamnati ya bayyana a wani shirin tattaunawa na talabijin don bayyana shirye-shiryen sabon izini na wucin gadi, wanda zai ba da damar ma'adanin ya ci gaba da zubar da sharar kai tsaye cikin fjord a halin yanzu. Kwanaki huɗu bayan haka, ma'adanin ya nemi sabon izini, kuma a ƙarshen Satumba, ma'aikatar yanayi da muhalli ta ba da shi.
"Lokacin da muka ji cewa gurɓataccen zai ci gaba, kamar sun ja katifar daga ƙarƙashinmu," in ji Førsund. "Mun amsa kowace wasiƙa, mun yi tsokaci kan kowace shawara, mun yi ƙorafi a duk lokacin da za mu iya. An rushe mu sau da yawa, kuma wannan zai iya zama damar canji."
Yayin da gwamnati ta dage cewa tana aiki bisa doka, masu suka sun ce zubar da sharar yana barazanar gurɓata ɗaya daga cikin fjord mafi tsafta a Norway. Wasu kuma suna damuwa cewa shawarar tana nuna sabon tashin izini na gurɓata fjord na Norway a cikin tseren samun muhimman ma'adanai.
Duba hoto a cikakken allo
Anne-Line Thingnes Førsund, mai kamun kifi na ƙarni na uku, ta yi kamfen kan ma'adanin Engebø tsawon shekaru ashirin. Hoto: Daniel Shailer
"Wannan ba game da fjord da mu da rayuwarmu kawai ba," in ji Førsund. "Wannan game da ƙa'idoji ne. Lokacin da kake da gwamnati da ba ta mutunta kotun koli, kana canza tsarin kansa."
Matakin ya zo ne yayin da ruwan da ya gurɓata a Norway ke jawo hankali sosai. Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa gonakin kifi na Norway suna cika fjord da sauran ruwan bakin teku da gurɓataccen abinci mai gina jiki daidai da najasar ɗanyen najasa na miliyoyin mutane kowace shekara.
A halin yanzu, yawan kifin salmon na Atlantika ya kai matsayi mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin ƙasar – 155 daga cikin kusan kogunan salmon 450 na Norway an rufe su ga kamun kifi a farkon kakar bana.
Zubar da sharar ƙarƙashin ruwa (STD) – wanda masu suka na Norway suka fi sani da "zubar da fjord" – shine tsarin tura duwatsu da aka niƙa da sharar sinadarai cikin teku ta bututu na ɗaruruwan mita ƙarƙashin ruwa. An ba da shi a matsayin madadin zubar da sharar a ƙasa, Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Norway (IMR) da kanta ta yi gargaɗi cewa STD na fitar da ƙananan barbashi na sharar mai guba waɗanda za su iya taruwa a cikin ƙananan halittun teku kuma su rushe yanayin muhalli gaba ɗaya.
An haramta STD a duk Arewacin Amurka, Ostiraliya, Rasha, Brazil, China da yawancin Turai. Ƙasashen da suka rage da ke ba da izini sun haɗa da Papua New Guinea, Indonesia da Turkiyya.
Ma'adanin titanium na Engebø, da ke Førde fjord kusa da Vevring, an fara ba da shi ne daga Nordic Mining a 2006, kuma gwamnati ta ba da izinin zubar da sharar cikin fjord ƙasa da shekaru 10 bayan haka. A mayar da martani, Abokan Duniya Norway sun ƙaddamar da ƙalubalen shari'a waɗanda suka ratsa tsarin shari'ar ƙasar, har suka isa zaman kotun koli na tsawon mako a bazara 2026. A halin yanzu, ma'adanin ya fara aiki kuma ya fara zubar da sharar a ƙarshen 2024.
Nordic Mining ana samun kuɗaɗen ta daga masu zuba jari da suka haɗa da Kamfanin Iwatani na Japan da ofisoshin Biritaniya na manyan bankunan ƙasa da ƙasa Morgan Stanley, UBS, da Goldman Sachs. Wasu bankuna, ciki har da Standard Chartered da Citigroup, sun haramta kai tsaye ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan da ke amfani da STD.
Nordic Mining ba ta amsa buƙatun sharhi da yawa daga Guardian ba. Koyaya, jim kaɗan bayan hukuncin kotun koli, kamfanin ya ce a wani sako na kafofin watsa labarun cewa zai ci gaba da ayyukan zubar da sharar, tare da ƙarfafawa daga jami'an Norway.
"An ce aikinmu ba shi da doka, cewa dole mu rufe, cewa aikimmu dole ya tsaya. Ba haka lamarin yake ba," in ji Nordic Mining, yana ƙara cewa tana ci gaba "da burin yin aiki cikin alhaki, tare da girmamawa ga fjord da tsaunuka, da kuma al'ummar da ke kewaye da mu."
Rikicin shari'a kan izinin ya ta'allaka ne kan Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta EU (WFD), wadda ta shafi Norway a matsayin memba na Yankin Tattalin Arzikin Turai. WFD tana ba da damar ayyukan masana'antu su gurɓata ruwa ne kawai lokacin da akwai "babban amfanin jama'a."
Kotun koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa dalilan da aka bayar lokacin da aka fara ba da izinin ba su da ƙarfi sosai. Koyaya, gwamnati tana jayayya cewa sun ƙara ƙarfi tun lokacin da EU ta ƙara titanium cikin jerin "muhimman ma'adanai" a 2020.
Ma'adanin titanium na Engebø na Nordic Mining, kusa da Vevring. Sabon izininsa yana ba shi damar ajiye sharar cikin fjord na shekaru uku. Hoto: Daniel Shailer
"Gwamnatin Norway tana ɗaukar aikin Engebø a matsayin mai muhimmanci ga Norway da Turai," in ji mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar, saboda "dutsen Engebø yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin manyan ajiyar rutile da aka sani a duniya, ma'adanin da ke ɗauke da titanium. A cikin Turai, Norway da Ukraine ne kawai ƙasashe da ke da muhimman albarkatu irin wannan."
Malaman shari'a sun yi shakku kan wannan tunani. "Wannan ba daidai ba ne. Izinin yana nan ko babu, kuma hukuncin kotun koli a bayyane yake: izinin ba shi da doka," in ji Tarjei Ellingsen Røsvoll, mataimakin farfesa na dokar gudanarwa da tsarin mulki a Jami'ar Inland Norway.
"Gwamnati tana barin kamfani a fili ya zubar da abubuwa cikin fjord ba bisa doka ba. Wannan ba a taɓa gani ba; yana lalata amana kuma yana lalata tushen tsarin dokar tsarin mulki da gudanarwa. Ya kamata su ɗauki alhakin yin shawara mara inganci kuma ba bisa doka ba, a ɗabi'a da shari'a."
Yayin da Nordic Mining ke jiran sabon izininta na shekaru uku, ta ci gaba da zubar da sharar cikin Førde fjord. Økokrim, babbar ofishin Norway na laifukan fararen fata da laifukan muhalli, yanzu yana tunanin ko zai binciki zubar da sharar don rashin doka.
Yayin da aka sami ƙananan bincike mai zurfi kan tasirin STD kan yanayin muhallin teku, masana kimiyya sun danganta gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi da ke cikin wasu fjord a yanzu da STD shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.
Tasirin yana da illa musamman lokacin da aka niƙa sharar cikin ƙananan guda, a cewar Terje van der Meeren, farfesa mai bincike a IMR, wanda ya rubuta amsar cibiyar kan neman ma'adanin Engebø kuma ya ba da shaida a lokacin sauraron kotun koli.
Terje van der Meeren yana tuƙi zuwa aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Norway. 'Me zai faru da kifin da ke yin ƙwai a wannan fjord? Ba mu sani ba.' Hoto: Daniel Shailer
"Kamar gari ne," in ji Van der Meeren, yana ƙara cewa sharar daga Engebø ta haɗa da wani sinadari da ke lalacewa zuwa carbon disulphide, mai guba ga jijiyoyi. "Damuwarmu ita ce wannan ƙurar za ta wuce cikin sauran fjord. Me zai faru da [kifin] da ke yin ƙwai a wannan fjord? Ba mu sani ba."
A 2016, Van der Meeren da sauran masu bincike na IMR sun yi tafiya zuwa Arctic Repparfjord, a Hammerfest a arewa mai nisa na ƙasar, inda wani ma'adanin tagulla ya zubar da sharar tsawon shekaru shida a shekarun 1970. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, sun sami haddock da ke da matakan gubar, arsenic da chromium mafi girma a cikin tsokokinsu fiye da waɗanda ke cikin ruwan da ke kusa, a cewar binciken da aka buga a wannan shekara, wasu binciken Norway sun sami gurɓataccen STD na tarihi a cikin plankton, kaguwa, da ƙwan kifi. A Vevring, Førsund da sauran masu fafutuka yanzu suna shirye-shiryen sabon yaƙin shari'a kan izinin sharar na wucin gadi, kodayake zubar da sharar zai iya ci gaba har sai an yanke sabon shawara. Tana waiwaya kan zanga-zangar farko kan ma'adanin da kewa. A wani hoto da aka ɗauka fiye da shekaru goma da suka wuce, masu zanga-zangar sun taru don cin abinci a gefen fjord; 'yar Førsund, wadda yanzu mai gine-gine ce, yarinya ce kawai. "Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan mutane sun mutu yanzu," in ji ta. "Fjord ya fi mu girma. Ya ba mu abinci da kuɗi da ma'ana da kiɗa da kifi da tsuntsaye tsawon dubban shekaru. Yanzu yana ba mu ƙarfin ci gaba da gwagwarmaya."
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Ga jerin tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da batun fjord na Norway da zubar da sharar ma'adinai
Tambayoyin Farko
T Menene fjord
A Fjord wani zurfin kunkuntar mashigar teku ne da aka saba kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsayi ko duwatsu. An fi samun su a Norway kuma glaciers ne suka haƙa su a lokacin Ƙarshen Zaman Kankara
T Wane fjord na Norway wannan labarin ke magana akai
A Labarin yana magana ne kan Førde Fjord da ke yammacin Norway. Ana yawan kwatanta shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fjord mafi tsafta a ƙasar
T Menene sharar ma'adinai ko tailings
A Sharar ma'adinai da ake yawan kira tailings ita ce kayan da suka rage bayan an ciro ma'adanai masu daraja daga dutse. Yawanci cakuda ne na dutsen da aka niƙa, ruwa da sinadarai da ake amfani da su wajen hakar ma'adinai
T Me ya sa wani zai zubar da sharar cikin fjord mai tsafta
A Kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai suna son kawar da sharar cikin arha. Zubar da ita cikin fjord mai zurfi yawanci ya fi arha fiye da gina manyan madatsun ruwa a ƙasa don adana ta. Gwamnatin Norway ta ba da izinin wannan al'ada a wasu lokuta
T Shin wannan yana faruwa a yanzu
A Ee. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, an ba wani kamfanin hakar ma'adinai da ake kira Nordic Mining izinin ajiye miliyoyin ton na tailings cikin Førde Fjord. Aikin ya fuskanci zanga-zanga da ƙalubalen shari'a
Tambayoyin Matsakaici
T Menene ainihin ake zubarwa cikin Førde Fjord
A Sharar ta fito ne daga ma'adanin titanium a Engebøfjellet. Tailings ɗin sun ƙunshi dutsen da aka niƙa, ruwa da ƙananan sinadarai da ake amfani da su wajen sarrafawa. Babban damuwa ita ce ƙananan barbashi na dutse da tasirinsu kan rayuwar teku
T Menene manyan damuwar muhalli game da wannan al'ada
A Ƙananan barbashi na iya rufe halittun da ke zaune a ƙasa, toshe gills na kifi da rage shigar haske cikin ruwa. Akwai kuma tsoron cewa ƙarfe mai nauyi ko sinadarai na sarrafawa na iya taruwa a cikin sarkar abinci
T Shin an taɓa yin wannan a wani wuri a Norway
