Shahararren jerin abubuwan bincike na psychopathy an ƙirƙira shi ne a shekara ta 1980 da Farfesa Robert Hare, wanda har yanzu ake ganinsa a matsayin babban masani a wannan fanni. Jerin ya ƙunshi halaye 20, tun daga ƙaryar cuta har zuwa rashin tausayi, kuma an gina shi gaba ɗaya bisa nazarin al'ummar gidajen yari. Wannan hanya ta yi aiki sosai domin Hare yana da damar samun babban rukuni na mutanen da ke da bayyanannun halayen psychopathy, kuma yana iya kwatanta tambayoyi da rahotannin kansu da bayanan hukuma, wanda ya sauƙaƙa gano rashin daidaito.
Duk da haka, Hare ya san wannan hanya tana da iyakoki. A shekara ta 1976, ya yarda cewa bai san yadda sakamakonsa ya shafi psychopaths waɗanda ba su cikin kurkuku ba, gami da mata. Ya kammala cewa akwai buƙatar gaggawa na ƙarin bincike kan "psychopaths masu nasara a zamantakewa." Ko shekaru da yawa bayan haka, a farkon shekarun 2000, lokacin da yake son nazarin psychopaths a siyasa, har yanzu dole ne ya duba gidajen yari—kamar ma'aikatan Pinochet a gidajen yarin Chile. Bincike kan psychopaths masu aiki mafi girma, waɗanda ba a kama su ba ko kuma ba su aikata laifuka ba, ya kasance da wahala, wani ɓangare domin tambayoyin kai rahoto ba sa aiki. Psychopaths suna ƙarya; wannan shi ne ainihin halayensu.
Duba hoto cikin cikakken girma
Hare ya yi nazarin ma'aikatan Pinochet. Hoton: AP
Ba daga ilimin halin ɗan adam na shari'a ba amma daga fannin kasuwanci ne Dr. Karen Mitchell ta shiga nazarin high-functioning psychopathy. A ƙarshen shekarun 2010, ta shafe shekaru 30 tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan manyan canje-canjen al'adun kamfanoni. Aikinta sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin rikici: "Don haka yana iya zama daidaitawar kasuwa, ko mutuwa ko kashe kansa a kamfanoni," in ji ta daga gidanta a Australia. Da ta lura yadda yawancin matsalolin wurin aiki ke fitowa daga wasu mutane masu halayen farauta, ta fara bincike kan irin waɗannan "halayen duhu" a wasu fannoni. "Cin zarafin yara a addini, sarrafa tilastawa a fataucin mutane da tashin hankalin gida da ta'addanci," in ji ta. "Idan ka duba duk iliminmu na duniya game da masu farautar mutane, akwai fannoni da yawa kuma babu ɗayansu da ke hulɗa da juna."
Wannan yana da muhimmanci domin halayen farauta suna haifar da babbar illa. Muna da wahalar gane su a idon mutum, saboda dalilai da za mu shiga ciki, kuma muna da wahalar gano alamu a cikin manyan rukuni—musamman domin fannoni daban-daban suna amfani da sunaye da yawa don waɗannan mutane. Mitchell ta lissafa wasu daga cikin kalmomin: "Malignant narcissist, dark triad, psychopath, coercive controller, primary psychopath, grandiose narcissist, corporate psychopath, Machiavellian, dark tetrad, covert narcissist, toxic leader." Ta yi jayayya cewa duk waɗannan ɓangare ne na abu ɗaya: Dark Personality, ko kuma Persistent Predatory Personality.
Duba hoto cikin cikakken girma
Halayen farauta suna da wahalar ganewa, amma suna iya haifar da babbar illa. Hoton: Victor Dyomin/Getty Images
Mitchell ta kammala PhD, wanda aka buga a 2024, inda ta yi hira da mutanen da suka ci karo da halayen farauta a rayuwarsu ta sana'a—wasu a wuraren kiwon lafiya, amma wasu ba, daga fannoni daban-daban kamar HR, aikin zamantakewa, kotunan iyali, FBI da sauran hukumomin tilasta doka, shugabannin coci, da malamai daga fannoni daban-daban.
Hanyarta, in ji ta, ba ta saba ba, tana amfani da hanyoyin inganci maimakon ƙididdiga. Wasu daga cikin sakamakonta suna ƙalubalantar ma'anar likitanci na psychopathy kai tsaye, waɗanda sau da yawa suna jaddada rashin kulawa. Mitchell ta ce wannan saboda ma'anoni kamar na Hare sun fito daga al'ummar gidajen yari, waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙarshen ƙananan aiki. "Mutane suna ƙoƙarin sanya abubuwan Hare a wuraren aiki da fannin tashin hankalin gida, amma babu yadda za a yi ka sanya wani abu mai ƙarfi haka, wanda aka gina daga masu laifi, a kan halayen manyan shugabanni."
Tambayoyin Mitchell suna da ban mamaki. Mutane daga fannoni daban-daban suna faɗin abubuwa masu kama da juna sosai. Akwai tambaya ɗaya game da ko waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun taɓa jin tsoron halayen farauta—tuna, waɗannan ba waɗanda aka azabtar ba ne, ƙwararrun ma'aikata ne—kuma amsoshin sun dawo: "Kullum ina damuwa cewa zai lalata aikina" (daga ma'aikacin HR); "Ina damuwa cewa za su so su ɗauki fansa" (daga ma'aikacin zamantakewa); "Na tabbata babu wani abu da wannan mutumin ba zai yi ba, don ganin an lalata ni" (ƙwararren ma'aikaci daga fannin agaji). Waɗannan, kuma ana iya cewa kowace magana daga tambayoyin, suna da matuƙar ƙarfi har ba za ka iya tunanin faɗin su a wuraren zamantakewa ba domin za ka yi kama da mahaukaci—wanda wasu shaidu ke magana kai tsaye. "Mutane ba su iya fahimta ba. Mutanen da ba su aiki a fannoninmu ba sau da yawa ba su ji ko ganin irin muguntar da ake yi wa wasu ba, kuma ba su iya yarda da ita. Alhali, abin takaici, abu ne na yau da kullum a aikina." (Wannan daga ƙwararren ma'aikacin shari'a ne).
Daga wannan bincike, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru biyar, Mitchell ta gina samfuri na halaye 20, wanda aka raba zuwa rukuni huɗu, da dabaru 25 waɗanda za su iya gano high-functioning persistent predatory personality type. Rukuni na ɗaya ya haɗa da buƙatar iko; girman kai; rashin lafiyar martani na ciki ga ƙalubale; ɗaukar fansa; da ƙin sasantawa. Rukuni na biyu ya haɗa da farauta ko cin zarafi; zalunci da rashin tausayi; rashin daraja ga dokoki, yarjejeniyoyi, ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da ɗabi'a; rashin iyakoki a dangantakar jima'i; da tsammanin da bai dace ba daga wasu. Rukuni na uku ya shafi gaskiya: Dark Personalities suna noma fuskar al'ada; suna canza launi; marasa gaskiya; masu yaudara da magudi; kuma ba sa son ɗaukar alhakin mummunan tasirin da suka haifar. A ƙarshe, rukuni na huɗu ya shafi rayuwar ciki ta Dark Personality: motsin zuciyarsu ana yi ne kawai, kuma ba sa jin kusanci ko farin cikin da ke tattare da shi; suna da rashin tausayi kuma ba su da tausayi; ba su da nadama; masu son kai; kuma marasa kunya.
Duba hoto cikin cikakken girma
'A cikin zamanai, mun sami mutanen da ke cin gajiyar altruism na wasu.' … Essi Viding Hoton: John Moloney
Essi Viding, farfesa a fannin ilimin halin ɗan adam na ci gaba a UCL, babbar jigo ce daga fannin bincike na gargajiya, mataimakiyar darekta na Developmental Risk and Resilience Unit, kuma a fannoni da yawa magajin Hare na halitta. "Sau da yawa ina tunanin waɗannan mutane a matsayin masu rukunin ɗaya," in ji ta. "A ilimin zamantakewa, muna magana game da mutanen da muke kula da su, kuma yawancinmu, domin mu dabbobi ne masu zaman jama'a, muna haɗin kai, muna yin ayyukan altruistic, kuma muna nuna halayen da a cikin zamanai sun ƙara rayuwarmu. Amma a cikin zamanai, mun sami mutanen da ke cin gajiyar altruism na wasu, kuma lokacin da abubuwa suka yi muni, suna kula da kansu kawai."
Viding tana mai da hankali kan halayen da ke barin al'umma da matuƙar rashin iya kare kanta daga halayen farauta. Dukanmu mun san cewa mutane suna ƙarya, amma a hankalce muna tunanin mun san lokacin da ake yi mana ƙarya. "Waɗannan mutane suna kusan gajarta ikonmu na gano alamun haɗari har sai ya yi latti," in ji Viding. "Yawancinmu, idan an kama mu da ƙarya, muna nuna rashin jin daɗi sosai. Ba kyau a kama mu da ƙarya; muna damuwa game da sunanmu, abin kunya ne. Amma waɗannan mutane ba su jin kunya idan an kama su da ƙarya. Wannan ba a gwada shi a hukumance ba, amma mutum na iya hasashen cewa suna ɗaukar mutane cikin sauƙi, domin suna nuna waɗannan halayen na matuƙar amincewa kuma ba su nuna tsoro ba." Ta kawo wata takarda ta 2019 a cikin Journal of Personality Disorders wadda ta haɓaka ra'ayin cewa halayen da ba sa tafiya tare a cikin al'ummar ɗan adam—alal misali, cikakken amincewa da cikakken ƙarya—suna tafiya tare a Dark Personalities. Wannan, in ji Viding, shine dalilin da ya sa waɗannan mutane suke da ƙwarewa sosai wajen yaudarar wasu.
Mutane sau da yawa suna iya haifar da babbar illa kafin kowa ya kama su. Wannan yana haifar da hargitsi fiye da na cikin gidajen yari. Yayin da Mitchell ta ce ta guji siyasa, hanyoyinta, da zarar ka ga su duka, suna bayyana a fili a fagen duniya. A gaskiya, karo na farko da na ci karo da kalmar "dark triad" shine lokacin da aka zaɓi Donald Trump a karon farko.
Ra'ayin "pathocracy"—dimokuradiyya na mutane na yau da kullum da psychopaths suka mamaye—an gabatar da shi ne daga wani ɓoyayyen masanin ilimin halin ɗan adam na Poland mai suna Andrew Lobaczewski, wanda ya rayu ƙarƙashin Nazis da kuma daga baya ƙarƙashin gurguzu na zamanin Soviet. Ra'ayinsa bai taɓa samun karɓuwa ba domin, kamar yadda edita kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo Harrison Koehli ya faɗa, "masu buga littattafan ilimin halin ɗan adam sun ɗauka cewa yana da siyasa sosai, kuma masu buga littattafan siyasa sun ɗauka cewa yana da ilimin halin ɗan adam sosai." A ilimin tabin hankali da ilimin halin ɗan adam a yau, ana ɗaukarsa ba daidai ba, kusan haramun ne, a sanya wa manyan mutane alamun rashin lafiyar hankali. "Ɗaya daga cikin haɗarin shigar da ilimin halin ɗan adam cikin siyasa shine cewa yana da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa da ke da wani ra'ayi na siyasa ya kalli abokan gaba ko abokan hamayyarsu ya ce: 'To, duk psychopaths ne,'" in ji Koehli. Akwai kuma Dokar Goldwater, wadda ta kafa ƙa'idar ilimin tabin hankali cewa ƙwararru ba za su iya tantance manyan mutane waɗanda ba su taɓa yin hulɗa da su ba (wannan ya zo ne bayan likitocin tabin hankali 1,189 sun ayyana Barry Goldwater a matsayin wanda bai cancanci zama shugaban ƙasa ba a zaɓen 1964). Viding, duk da haka, tana tunanin cewa mayar da hankali kan tantancewa na iya zama ba shi ne ainihin batun ba. "Kullum ina ganin sha'awar tantance waɗannan mutane tana da ban sha'awa. Ba ka buƙatar tantance su ba—akwai wasu halaye, kuma za ka iya gane mutanen da ke da waɗannan halaye. Idan wani yana da ikon siyasa, za ka iya ganin waɗannan halaye a cikin halayensa, kuma yawancin mutane suna iya yin kimanta abin da hakan ke nufi."
Duba hoto cikin cikakken girma
'Pathocracy' shine lokacin da psychopaths suka mamaye dimokuradiyya. Hoton: Connect Images/Getty Images
Ƙaryar rashin kunya a rayuwar jama'a dabara ce da Lobaczewski ya gane—ya kira ta "reversive blockade." Koehli ya kwatanta ta: "Idan ka faɗi ƙarya cikin gamsarwa kuma ƙaryar tana da wauta sosai, yawancin mutane na yau da kullum ba su iya fahimtar ƙaryar da aka faɗa a wannan girman ba, don haka suna ƙoƙarin neman 'matsakaicin zinari' tsakanin magana da gaskiya. Amma wannan, in ji Lobaczewski, shine manufar babbar ƙarya. Sun san cewa za ta haifar da ruɗani." Tasirin a kan al'ummar da dark personality ke mulka yana da girma: wasu za su ƙoƙari su nemo wannan matsakaicin zinari; wasu za su tsaya tsayin daka wajen kiranta ƙarya kuma su yi jayayya da rukunin farko; wasu za su ƙoƙari su daidaita gaskiyarsu don su sa ƙaryar ta zama gaskiya; yayin da wasu za su saba da sabon al'ada—cewa dukanmu muna ƙarya yanzu.
A matakin mutum-da-mutum, wannan rashin kunya ya fi ban mamaki. Sau da yawa duka maharbi da wanda aka azabtar sun san cewa ƙarya ce, ko kuma maharbin yana zargin wanda aka azabtar da ainihin abin da shi kansa ya yi, ko kuma an faɗi ƙaryar ta amfani da harshen wanda aka azabtar. Reverse attribution ya zama ruwan dare a fannin cin zarafin gida har yana da gajeriyar suna—Darvo, wato deny, attack, reverse victim and offender—amma har yanzu yana ruɗa waɗanda aka azabtar gaba ɗaya, waɗanda ke jin cewa amincinsu yana cikin shakka har abada. A wurin aiki, tasirin ma yana da muni, domin sau da yawa akwai masu kallo waɗanda kansu ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci a sakamakon. Kamar yadda Mitchell ta faɗa game da ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka yi hira da su wanda ke aiki a HR: "Mutane sun gamsu da gaske cewa dark personality ita ce wanda aka azabtar kuma wanda aka azabtar shine dark personality. Hakan ya lalata rayuwar wanda aka azabtar, duk da cewa yana da kyakkyawan tarihin sana'a."
Gaskiyar ita ce, mafi girman matakan waɗannan halaye, mafi girman illar da ake haifarwa. Mitchell ta kwatanta ɗaya daga cikin mahalartan bincikenta, "Shugabar wata babbar diocese ta Katolika ce ke da alhakin kula da shari'o'in cin zarafin yara. Tana da mummunan aiki, ko ba haka ba? Ƙwarewarta ta kasance fitacciya kuma marar aibi—ta kasance Shugaba na ƙungiyoyin yara da yawa. Ta kan je wurin Holy See ta ce, 'Duba, wannan mutumin yana cin zarafin yara,' kuma su kan amsa, 'Da gaske? Amma shi mutumin kirki ne.'
A cikin fannin da ba na laifi ba, ba na tashin hankali ba na ci gaba da tsangwama—kamar abin da zai iya faruwa a wurin aiki—akwai matakan rashin yarda. Mutane ba su iya fahimtar cewa Dark Personality tana da duhu da gaske; ba su iya yarda cewa wani zai iya haifar da illa da gangan, kuma ba su ma iya gane cewa illa ta faru kwata-kwata. Yana da ban mamaki jin Mitchell ta ambaci kashe kansa a wurin aiki a matsayin wani abu da ya sa ta fara bincike, domin a fannin kiwon lafiyar hankali, haramun ne a zargi halin wani da kashe kansa. Amma a 2019, wata hukunci mai mahimmanci a Faransa ta yi hakan, inda ta gano cewa "azaba" a wurin aiki, wanda ke da alaƙa da wasu shugabanni, ya haifar da al'ada a France Télécom inda, tsakanin 2006 da 2009, ma'aikata 19 suka kashe kansu, 12 suka yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansu, kuma takwas sun sha wahala daga baƙin ciki mai tsanani. Jane Monckton-Smith, farfesa a fannin kare jama'a a Jami'ar Gloucestershire, ta taɓa faɗin cewa idan an haɗa kashe kansa da aka tsokana, ƙididdigar kashe-kashen gida za a iya ninka su "sau biyar, shida, ko bakwai."
A cikin binciken Hare na ma'aikatan Pinochet, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru 20 kuma aka buga a 2022, "lokacin da suka duba mutanen da suke manyan hafsoshi, waɗannan manyan hafsoshi suna da matuƙar girman halayen psychopathic, musamman rashin tausayi ga wasu," in ji Viding.
Mitchell ta kawo ƙarshenta cikin sauƙi, kamar na kasuwanci: "Waɗannan mutane ne marasa iyaka, masu haɗari da kwakwalwarsu ta bambanta sosai—kamar bambanci tsakanin kyanwar gida da kyanwar daji. Miliyoyin mutane sun ji rauni domin ba mu san alamun gargaɗi ba, don haka dole ne mu fitar da su sannan mu koya wa mutane su zama masu fahimta." Viding, ta amfani da kalmomi daban-daban kuma ta ɗauki hanya daban, ta kai ga wannan ƙarshe. "Yayin da na yi wannan bincike fiye da shekaru 20 yanzu, na ƙara tunanin cewa muna buƙatar fahimtar yadda za mu kare mutane daga zama waɗanda aka azabtar. Domin bisa ga littattafan, da kuma abin da na sani game da ilimin juyin halitta da al'adu, da wuya mu kawar da waɗannan halaye."
Tambayoyin da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa bisa kwatancin kyanwar gida vs kyanwar daji don gano psychopath
Tambayoyin Farko
1 Menene ainihin ma'anar kwatancin kyanwar gida vs kyanwar daji
Yana nufin cewa duka kyanwar gida da kyanwar daji kyanwa ne amma suna aiki bisa ilhami daban-daban gaba ɗaya Kyanwar gida an yi ta gida ne kuma tana bin dokokin ɗan adam Psychopath kamar kyanwar daji ne suna kama da ɗan adam amma ba su da wannan ɗan adam na motsin zuciya ko tausayi da yawancin mutane ke da shi Ana tursasa su da buƙatunsu na asali, ba da lamiri na zamantakewa ba
2 Don haka psychopath mutumin da ba shi da kyau ne kawai ko kuma sun bambanta da gaske
Sun bambanta sosai Mutumin da ba shi da kyau yawanci ya san nagarta da mugunta amma ya zaɓi yin mugunta—sau da yawa yana jin laifi ko kunya Psychopath yawanci ya san dokoki a hankalce amma ba ya jin nauyin motsin zuciyar su Ba wai yana watsi da dokoki ba shine cewa igiyar motsin zuciyar da ke hana yawancinmu ba ta wanzu a gare shi ba
3 Za ka iya gano psychopath kawai ta kallon su
A'a Wannan shine abin ban tsoro Ba kamar kyanwar daji da ta bambanta da kyanwar gida ba, psychopath yana kama da al'ada kuma yana jin kamar al'ada Sun ƙwararru a ɓoye Kana gano su ta lura da halayensu na tsawon lokaci ba ta kamanninsu ko fara'a ta farko ba
4 Menene babbar alamar ja da za ka lura da ita
Rashin tausayi na gaske Suna iya fahimtar motsin zuciyarka don su yi amfani da kai amma ba sa jin su Idan kana kuka kuma suna kama da suna yin motsin ta'aziyya ba tare da wani ɗumi na gaske ba ko kuma idan sun gaji da zafinka wannan babbar alama ce
5 Shin duk psychopaths masu laifin tashin hankali ne
A'a Wannan tatsuniya ce ta fina-finai Da yawa psychopaths masu nasara ne—suna iya zama Shugabanni, masu siyarwa, ko 'yan siyasa Rashin tausayinsu da tsoro na iya sa su zama marasa tausayi kuma masu yanke shawara Kyanwar daji ba ta kai hari koyaushe ba wani lokacin tana bin ganima don nishaɗi kawai wanda a rayuwa ta gaske yana kama da lalata aikin abokin aiki don wasa
Tambayoyin Ci Gaba
