A cikin sanyin safiyar ranar 7 ga Satumba, ayarin motocin 'yan sanda dauke da manyan makamai sun bi ta kananan titunan tsakiyar Brussels zuwa gundumar Haren da ke gefen arewa maso gabashin birnin. Sun nufi 22 Avenue du Bourget, wani katafaren gini mai kariya, mai kama da bunker, wanda ya taba zama hedkwatar NATO.
Wannan katafaren gini na zamani, mai tsayayyen tsarin gine-gine mai aiki, an gina shi cikin gaggawa a shekarar 1967 kuma yanzu yana dauke da dakin shari'a na Justitia, inda ake gudanar da shari'o'in tarayya na Belgium. A nan ne aka yi shari'ar masu laifi da abokan hannu na hare-haren ta'addanci na Paris na 2015 da hare-haren Brussels na 2016 a shekarar 2022. A watan da ya gabata, jami'ai dauke da bindigogin hari sun yi sintiri a faffadan hanyoyin ginin, suna kare wadanda ke da hannu a shari'ar da ta fi shahara a cikin shekaru goma: shari'ar Bressers-Carvalho.
Tsawon wata guda, alkalai da babbar kungiyar lauyoyi sun raba babban dakin shari'a tare da 'yan jarida da jama'a a wani bangare na babban shingen gilashin sulke. A daya bangaren kuma akwai wadanda ake tuhuma 31, tare da jami'ai da suka rufe fuskokinsu don kare su daga yiwuwar ramuwar gayya. Wannan yanayi ya fi kama da na kasashen da 'yan mafia suka lalata.
A cikin dogayen zaman saurare a tsawon watan, biyu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma da yawa sun fito fili. Na farko shi ne Flor Bressers, dan Belgium mai shekaru 40 da aka haifa a Lommel, wani gari mai mutane 35,000 a lardin Limburg. Bressers yana da wani hali da ba a saba gani ba a cikin da'irar masu laifi. Wanda ya kammala karatun criminology a Jami'ar Free University of Brussels (VUB), abokan aikinsa suna kiransa da "farfesa" ko "malamin jami'a". Amma laƙabin da ya fi yawa ya saba wa hoton mutum mai ladabi kuma mai kula: an fi sanin Bressers da "Mai Yanke Yatsa."
An kama shi a shekarar 2022 a wani bikin dandano giya tare da matarsa a wani bene na otal mai alfarma na Renaissance Zurich Tower Hotel, Bressers yana fuskantar tuhume-tuhumen sata, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kwace da makamai, da jagorancin kungiyar masu laifi.
Wani babban mutum da ake zargin yana cikin kungiyar masu laifin shi ne wani dan Brazil mai shekaru 68, Sérgio Roberto de Carvalho. A wani aiki na hadin gwiwa da ya hada Interpol, Europol, 'yan sandan tarayya na Brazil da Hukumar Yaki da Muggan Kwayoyi ta Amurka (DEA), an kama Carvalho a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2022 a wani otal mai alfarma da ke kallon Danube a Budapest.
Yana zaune a Mato Grosso do Sul, wani jihar Brazil da ke yankin iyaka uku na Brazil, Argentina da Paraguay—daya daga cikin cibiyoyin manyan laifuka na nahiyar—Carvalho ya shahara a kasarsa da laƙabin "Major," daga matsayinsa lokacin da yake jami'in 'yan sanda na soja, wata rayuwar da ta gabata inda ya hada cin hanci da laifi. A Turai, laƙabinsa ya fi bayyana: "Escobar dan Brazil."
Tare, Mai Yanke Yatsa da Escobar dan Brazil su ne manyan wadanda ake tuhuma a wani dakin shari'a na Belgium da ke cike da tsaro yayin da ake binciken hanyar safarar hodar iblis ta kasa da kasa tsakanin Latin America da Turai. Ana zargin Bressers da Carvalho suna bayan wata kungiya da ake zargin ta safar da ton 45 na hodar iblis zuwa Turai.
Masu gabatar da kara sun ce sun jagoranci wani aiki na kasa da kasa mara doka wanda ya tafiyar da miliyoyin daloli ta hanyar kamfanoni na fake, daya daga cikinsu—kamfanin sarrafa ruwa na Antwerp Kriva Rochem—ya ba shari'ar wani suna na daban. Kudin, wanda ake zargin an wanke shi ta hanyar kudin dijital, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi da kadarori, ya tallafa wa hadaddun dabaru na safarar hodar iblis da aka samar a Peru da Bolivia ta hanyoyin da ba bisa ka'ida ba, masu kura a Brazil kafin su tsallake Tekun Atlantika kuma a rarraba su a kasashe da ba a san adadinsu ba a Turai da wajen.
Bressers ya kasance cikin jerin wadanda Europol ke nema mafi girma tun 2021. A cewar hukumar, a lokacin da aka lura da shi, ana nemansa saboda sata, hana 'yanci ba bisa ka'ida ba, kwace da makami, da shiga kungiyar masu laifi. Wani shari'a da ta gabata daga 2010—wadda a karshe aka wanke shi a 2015 saboda rashin shaida—ta yi zargin cewa ya ba da umarnin daidaita lissafi inda aka yanke wa wanda abin ya shafa yatsa da almakashi na datsa, wanda ya haifar da laƙabin Bressers.
Duba hoto a cikakken allo. Flor Bressers bayan kamasu a 2022. Ya kasance yana gudu shekaru biyu. Hoto: Photo News.
A 2020, shekaru biyar bayan haka, an yanke masa hukunci dangane da wani shari'ar ramuwar gayya: sace wani dillalin maganin maye dan Holland wanda aka yi masa duka, aka yi masa barazanar kisa, kuma aka yanke shi da reza bayan an zarge shi da batan wani kaya na hodar iblis. Bressers ya zama mai gudu, ya shafe shekaru biyu yana gudu.
Bressers ya kuma bayyana a matsayin wanda ake zargi a akalla wata shari'ar tashin hankali, wannan lokacin a Guyana, dangane da mutuwar wani dillalin shinkafa a kasar Kudancin Amurka wanda kayan da aka kwace masa na dauke da hodar iblis. An yi imanin mutuwarsa wata rufewa ce don hana rushe hanyar sadarwar kungiyar. Wannan shari'ar kuma ba ta taba zuwa kotu ba.
Abokin Bressers, Carvalho, watakila an fi saninsa a Turai fiye da Brazil. A cewar takardun kotun Brazil, ya jagoranci kungiyar da ta sayi dubban ton na hodar iblis da aka samar a Peru da Bolivia kuma ta safar da su ta tsakiyar yammacin Brazil zuwa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Paranaguá da Natal, daga inda aka tura maganin zuwa Turai.
An haife shi a 1958 a Ibiporã, a jihar Paraná ta kudancin Brazil, Carvalho ya girma a Mato Grosso do Sul kuma ya shiga ayyukan laifi lokacin da yake jami'in 'yan sanda a jihar. Da farko an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15 a gidan yari saboda safarar maganin maye a 1998, ba a kore shi daga 'yan sanda ba sai 2010. Maimakon ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansa daga Latin America, Escobar dan Brazil ya koma Turai, da farko ya boye a Portugal sannan a Spain.
Duba hoto a cikakken allo. Wani jami'in kwastam a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rotterdam ta Holland, wadda ta kasance babbar hanyar da masu fasa kwauri ke amfani da ita wajen shigo da magunguna daga Kudancin Amurka. Hoto: Kristof van Accom/Belga Mag/AFP/Getty.
A can, a cewar 'yan sandan Spain, ya zauna a wani katafaren gida na Yuro miliyan 2 a Marbella a Costa del Sol, yana amfani da sunan Paul Wouter, wani dan Suriname mai arziki. Daga wannan tushe a Spain, wata cibiyar da aka sani ta safarar hodar iblis ta kasa da kasa, masu gabatar da kara sun ce ya daidaita, tsakanin 2017 da 2020, wata hanyar sadarwar manyan laifuka da ta shafi Portugal da Spain, wadda ta kware a fasa kwaurin magunguna ta tashoshin jiragen ruwa kamar Setúbal, kusa da Lisbon, da Leixões a arewacin Portugal, da ta filin jirgin sama na Lisbon, da kuma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Rotterdam da Antwerp.
'Yan sandan Portugal sun yi zargin cewa Carvalho yana da alaka da Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC, ko First Capital Command), babbar kungiyar masu laifi ta Brazil.
An kewaye Carvalho—amma ba a kama shi ba—a watan Nuwamba 2020 a wani hari na hadin gwiwa da ya hada da fiye da jami'an 'yan sanda 1,000 daga Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Romania, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da kuma Europol. Aikin ya kai ga kamasu 45 da kwace fiye da Yuro miliyan 13 (£11m) a tsabar kudi, motoci masu alfarma 70, jiragen sama 37, da kadarori 136.
Duba hoto a cikakken allo. Wasu daga cikin kudin da aka kwace a hare-haren kasa da kasa kan masu fasa kwauri a 2020. Hoto: Europol.
Kotun ta ji cewa an ce Carvalho ya shirya mutuwarsa a shekarar guda ta hanyar samun takardar shaidar mutuwa ga Wouter, wanda ake zargin ya kasance wanda cutar Covid ta shafa.
Sannan ya koma Budapest, inda aka kama shi a 2022 yayin da yake amfani da sunan Guillermo Díaz Flores, wani dan Mexico. Ana zargin Carvalho ya yi amfani da akalla sunaye na karya 10 kafin a tsare shi a Budapest. An mika shi Belgium a watan Yunin 2023, an tura shi gidan yari mai tsaro mai karfi.
A kotu, an sake haduwa da Mai Yanke Yatsa, wanda ake zargi da kasancewa abokin hannunsa, yayin da suke fuskantar tuhume-tuhumen shirya wata kungiyar manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa. A cikin shaidarsa a shari'ar, Bressers bai amince da ko daya daga cikin tuhume-tuhumen ba kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa shi wanda aka yi wa farautar kafofin watsa labarai ne. "Ina da karfi jin cewa duk wannan hukumomi ne suka shirya shi," in ji shi. Kungiyar tsaron Bressers tana kalubalantar karbuwar shaidun kuma ta nemi a watsar da shari'ar. Babban lauyan Bressers, Hans Rieder, bai yi sharhi ba a lokacin da aka tuntube shi. A lokacin shari'ar, masu tsaro sun zargi 'yan jarida da "zana hoto mai muni kwarai game da abokin cinikinmu."
Duba hoto a cikakken allo. Wani jami'in kwastam yana kwaikwayon binciken magunguna a cikin jirgi ga kafofin watsa labarai a wani tankin nutsewa a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Antwerp. Hoto: Virginia Mayo/AP. Carvalho, wanda bai halarci dukkan zaman saurare ba saboda matsalolin lafiya, ya ci gaba da ikirarin rashin laifi kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa shi wanda hukumomin tarayya na Brazil ke tsanantawa ne. "Na shafe shekaru biyar a gidan yari kuma babu wanda ke saurare ni," in ji shi a zaman saurare. "Wani mai suna daya ne ya aikata wadannan laifuka, ba ni ba."
An tuntubi lauyoyin Carvalho, Frédéric Thiebaut da Renaat Landuyt, don sharhi amma ba su amsa ba. Mai gabatar da kara na tarayya na Belgium da ke kula da shari'ar shi ma ya ki yin sharhi. Zaman saurare na shari'ar ya kare a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, ana sa ran hukunci a ranar 15 ga Disamba. Bressers na iya samun hukuncin shekaru 20 a gidan yari, yayin da Carvalho na iya samun shekaru 15.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, shari'o'i irin na Bressers-Carvalho sun yawaita. A wannan lokacin, an gano kungiyoyin masu safarar magunguna na Latin America daga 'yan sandan kasa, Europol da hukumomin leken asiri a Portugal, Spain, Faransa, Belgium, Netherlands, Jamus, Italiya, kasashen Nordic, gabashin Turai da Balkans, da kuma arewacin Afirka.
Wadannan rassan masu laifi sun shiga cikin Turai ta hanyar "dillalai" ko mambobin kungiyoyin magunguna wadanda "ke ba da ayyuka na musamman da suka shafi samar da hodar iblis a Turai, ciki har da fitar da hodar iblis daga kayan daban-daban ko sarrafa faren coca da aka safarar", a cewar Andy Kraag na Europol, shugaban cibiyar manyan laifuka da suka tsara. "Masu laifin Latin America suna da hannu sosai a cikin wannan. Muna ganin kasancewar masu laifin Latin America a Turai yana karuwa, ayyukansu suna kara zama masu mahimmanci. "A da akasin haka ne – yanzu hanya ce ta biyu. Mun riga mun ga, shekaru da yawa, manyan masu laifin Turai sun shiga Latin America, sun zauna a can. Kuma yanzu kana ganin karin masu laifin Latin America suna aiki na dindindin ko rabin dindindin a Turai ma," in ji Kraag.
Manyan majiyoyi a fadin Turai da Latin America sun nuna cewa wadannan kungiyoyi suna fadada ayyukansu da tasirinsu a cikin tattalin arzikin gaske da na dijital, wanda kudin dijital, kamfanonin caca, da sassan kudi da kadarori ke karfafa su.
Duba hoto a cikakken allo. Babban lauyan Bressers, Hans Rieder, ya isa kotun Brussels. Hoto: Belga News/Alamy. A cewar Juan Gabriel Tokatlian, farfesa a hulda da kasa da kasa a Universidad Di Tella a Buenos Aires, kuma kwararre kan manyan laifuka na Latin America, "yakin da ake yi da magunguna", kamar yadda aka yi a Colombia – inda ya rayu shekaru 20 – ya sa kungiyoyin magunguna su kara juriya da kuzari, wanda ke bayyana ikon su na daidaitawa da fadada kasa da kasa. "Turai ta zama, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wurin da shan magunguna ya karu musamman. Idan ka duba rahotannin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, babbar kasuwa ce – a shekarun 1980, musamman game da hodar iblis, ba ta da mahimmanci," in ji shi. "A cikin wannan yanayi na bukatar Turai da manufar yaki da magunguna mara daidaituwa wadda ke jaddada soja amma sannan ta zauna tare, muna samun jerin yanayi da suke karfafa manyan laifuka," in ji Tokatlian.
Kamar Carvalho, da yawa daga cikin wadanda ake zargi da jagorancin kungiyoyin masu laifi kamar PCC, Tren de Aragua, kungiyar Sinaloa, Clan del Golfo ko Los Lobos ana tsare da su a gidajen yari a fadin Turai, 'yan sandan kasa ko Europol na nemansu, ko kuma suna cikin jerin jajayen Interpol na wadanda aka fi nema. Ana nemansu saboda alaka da safarar hodar iblis zuwa Turai, safarar makamai da magungunan roba zuwa Latin America, da alaka da kungiyoyin Turai a Balkans ko mafia 'Ndrangheta ta Italiya. Duba hoto a cikakken allo. Wasu daga cikin fakiti 1,747 na hodar iblis ta Colombia da aka kwace a Jamhuriyar Dominican a 2020, wadanda aka boye a matsayin kayan dafa abinci kuma aka nufa Rotterdam. Hoto: Erika Santelices/AFP/Getty. Gabriel Feltran, masanin zamantakewa a jami'ar Sciences Po da ke Paris kuma darektan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa ta Faransa (CNRS), ya ce kungiyoyi irin su PCC ko Sinaloa suna hada gwiwa da kungiyoyin masu laifi na Turai kamar na Albania ko 'Ndrangheta a "ayyukan hadin gwiwa". Yadda mai safarar hodar iblis da ake nema mafi girma a Turai ya mayar da Saliyo kasa ta farko da ta zama kasar magunguna ta gaskiya. Kara karantawa. Ya ce suna sayen coca kai tsaye daga masu samar da ita a Latin America kuma suna iya bayarwa kai tsaye a karshe – don haka mallakar maganin ba ya sake wucewa daga hannu zuwa hannu a cikin sarkar. Shi ne abin da Feltran ke kira "dandamali" na manyan laifuka, inda, kamar manyan dandamali na dijital irin su Amazon, Google da Meta, kungiyoyin magunguna suna hada kayansu da tsarin tattalin arzikinsu da nufin sarrafa dukkan sarkar safarar magunguna, daga samarwa a cikin Latin America zuwa sayarwa a titunan Turai. Wannan yana nufin cewa komai daga sadarwa, biyan kudi, sinadarai (sinadaran da ake bukata don kera magunguna) da dakunan gwaji zuwa dabaru an tattara su a saman, tare da masu jigilar kaya da masu aiki na gida galibi ana daukar su ba da gangan ba a matsayin masu ba da sabis na biyan kudi, kamar direbobin Uber. Feltran ya ce, kafin wannan dandamali, fasa kwauri ya dogara ne akan hanyoyi da masu shiga tsakani da yawa wadanda suka mallaki maganin a kowane mataki na sarkar. Yanzu, in ji shi, irin wadannan "ayyukan hadin gwiwa suna haduwa a saman, suna saya kai tsaye daga mai samarwa kuma suna bayarwa kai tsaye a karshe. Ba sa sake wucewa ta masu shiga tsakani." "Mallakar maganin ba ya sake canza hannu. Suna tattara komai, suna inganta da yawa kuma suna girma da sauri. Yawan mutanen da ke amfani da ayyukansu, yawan dogaro da su – wannan shine tasirin hanyar sadarwa."
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Ga tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da Mai Yanke Yatsa da Escobar dan Brazil, mutane biyu da ake zargi da kawo kungiyoyin hodar iblis zuwa Turai
Tambayoyin Farko
Wanene Mai Yanke Yatsa
Laƙabi ga wani dan Brazil da ake zargi da gudanar da wata hanyar sadarwar safarar magunguna ta tashin hankali wadda ta safar da hodar iblis zuwa Turai. Laƙabin ya fito ne daga zarge-zargen cewa ya ba da umarnin yanke wa mutane yatsu
Wanene Escobar dan Brazil
Laƙabi ga wani dan Brazil da ake zargi da jagorancin wani babban aikin safarar hodar iblis. Sunan yana kwatanta shi da Pablo Escobar, shahararren sarkin magunguna na Colombia
Me ake zarginsu da shi
Safar da yawa na hodar iblis daga Kudancin Amurka zuwa Turai da gudanar da kungiyar masu laifi da ta yi amfani da tashin hankali da tsoratarwa
Daga ina suka fito
Dukansu daga Brazil ne
Shin mutum daya ne
A'a. Mutane biyu ne daban-daban da ake yawan ambata tare saboda dukansu ana zarginsu da kawo kungiyoyin hodar iblis na Brazil zuwa Turai
Menene kungiyar magunguna
Kungiyar masu laifi da ke aiki tare don sarrafa samarwa da sayar da magunguna ba bisa ka'ida ba
Me ya sa Turai ke zama makasudi ga masu safarar hodar iblis
Turai tana da babbar kasuwa da tsadar hodar iblis don haka masu safarar za su iya samun riba mai yawa a can
Menene laƙabi a wannan mahallin
Suna da 'yan sanda ko kafofin watsa labarai suka bayar ba ainihin sunan mutumin ba. Mai Yanke Yatsa da Escobar dan Brazil laƙabai ne na kafofin watsa labarai
Menene ma'anar mika mutum
Aika wanda ake tuhuma daga wata kasa zuwa wata domin ya fuskanci shari'a a can
Menene Interpol
Kungiyar 'yan sanda ta kasa da kasa da ke taimaka wa kasashe su yi aiki tare don kama masu laifi
Tambayoyin Tsakiya
Yaya ake safar da hodar iblis zuwa Turai yawanci
Hanyoyin da aka saba sun hada da boye ta a cikin kwantena na jigilar kaya, jiragen ruwa na kaya, kwale-kwale na sirri da kuma wani lokacin sanya mutane su hadiye kwayoyi cike da maganin
Me ya sa kungiyoyin Brazil ke da muhimmanci a cinikin hodar iblis na Turai
Brazil tana da dogayen iyakoki, tashoshin jiragen ruwa masu cunkoson jama'a da alaka da masu samar da hodar iblis na Andes wanda ya sa ta zama babbar kasa ta wucewa ga magungunan da ke nufi Turai
Wadanne laifuka ake tuhumarsu da su
Yawanci safarar magunguna, manyan laifuka, wanke kudi da kuma wani lokacin tashin hankali ko kisan kai
An kama su ne
Eh. An kama dukansu kuma sun fuskanci shari'a. An ba da labarin shari'o'insu sosai
Menene wanke kudi
Boye asalin kudin da ba bisa ka'ida ba don ya zama kamar ya fito daga wani aiki na doka
