Jaridar Guardian ta bayyana cewa manyan kamfanonin sarrafa abinci da aka fi sarrafa su a duniya sun shigar da kararraki da yawa a kan manufofin gwamnati da ke nufin magance rashin lafiyar abinci. Abincin da aka sarrafa sosai (UPF) yana da alaƙa da cutarwa ga kowane babban tsarin jikin mutum kuma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya. Ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a duk duniya, kuma UPF yanzu ya zama kusan rabin abincin da ake ci a ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Burtaniya, Amurka, da Ostiraliya.
Gwamnatoci a duk duniya sun ɗauki matakai don yaƙi da kuma kare lafiyar yara da manya. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da alamun gargaɗi a gaban marufi, hana tallan samfuran marasa lafiya don rage sha'awar su, da haraji kan abinci mara kyau.
A bayyane, manyan kamfanonin UPF na duniya suna cewa suna goyon bayan waɗannan manufofin, suna jajircewa don taimaka wa masu siye su yi zaɓi na sanin yakamata, kuma suna son kasancewa cikin mafita. Amma binciken da Guardian ta yi, tare da haɗin gwiwar masana, gidan jarida mai zaman kansa Lighthouse Reports, da ƙungiyar abokan hulɗar watsa labarai a nahiyoyi huɗu, ya gano cewa da yawa daga cikin waɗannan kamfanoni suna kai gwamnatoci kotu don soke, raunana, ko jinkirta manufofin.
Binciken ya gano cewa daga 2010 zuwa 2025, an shigar da kararraki 235 gabaɗaya kan manufofin lafiya da ke nufin UPF a Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Amurka, da Burtaniya. Ba a san ko wanene ke bayan kowace kara ba, amma kashi uku cikin huɗu na kararrakin sun kasance daga masana'antun UPF ko ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da ke wakiltar su. Wasu daga cikin kamfanonin da ke cikin waɗannan shari'o'in, waɗanda yanzu za a iya bayyana su a karon farko, sun nemi kotuna su ɓoye sunayensu.
Daga cikin kararrakin da kamfanoni suka shigar inda aka iya gano mai kara, kashi 38% sun kasance daga manyan kamfanoni takwas: Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Mondelēz, Kellogg's, Danone, Ferrero, Xignux, da Heartland Food Products Group. Yawancin kararraki har yanzu suna ci gaba. Daga cikin waɗanda aka warware, kashi uku cikin huɗu sun kasance asara ga manyan kamfanonin abinci. Amma binciken ya gano cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙen shari'a sun ɗauki kusan shekaru 600 a kotu.
Wasu daga cikin kararrakin da suka gaza a ƙarshe sun sami damar jinkirta aiwatar da muhimman manufofin lafiyar jama'a na shekaru, yayin da suka kuma shagaltar da jami'an gwamnati da na lafiyar jama'a a cikin yaƙe-yaƙen shari'a masu rikitarwa da tsada. A halin yanzu, masana sun ce, waɗannan kararraki suna tsawaita rikicin lafiyar jama'a na duniya da ke ƙaruwa kuma suna kashe ƙasashe biliyoyin daloli a cikin farashin shari'a da kiwon lafiya.
Yayin da ake kai gwamnatoci kara kan manufofin da ke nufin magance rashin lafiyar abinci, yawan UPF da ake ci yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa, yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwar cututtuka na kiba, ciwon sukari nau'in 2, cututtukan zuciya, matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da sauran yanayi.
Marion Nestle, farfesa a fannin abinci mai gina jiki, nazarin abinci, da lafiyar jama'a a Jami'ar New York, ta ce manyan kamfanonin UPF na duniya ba za su "yi yaƙi da ƙarfi haka ba" idan manufofin rage amfani da samfuran su ba su da tasiri. "Kararrakin sun gaya mana cewa matakan lafiyar jama'a suna rage tallace-tallace na samfuran marasa lafiya," in ji ta.
Ko da yake yawancin kararrakin gwamnatoci ne suka ci nasara a ƙarshe, masana sun ce tsananin shari'a daga kamfanonin UPF yana nuna wasu manufofi: rage gudun aiwatar da dokoki, iyakance sha'awa da ikon ƙasashe don ɗaukar wasu matakan lafiyar jama'a, da kuma hana masu tsara dokoki. Nestle ta ce waɗannan dabarun suna kama da waɗanda masana'antar taba ta yi amfani da su tsawon shekaru. "Kamfanonin abinci suna da horo sosai. Suna bin tsarin wasan masana'antar taba har zuwa harafi. Idan komai ya gaza, a kai kara," in ji ta.
Shari'a daga kamfanonin taba an rubuta shi sosai. Sun sha kai gwamnatoci kara kan dokokin da ke buƙatar maye gurbin fakitin sigari masu launi da alamun kasuwanci da na fili masu nuna gargaɗin lafiya, gami da hotuna na haƙora masu ruɓe, gabobin jiki masu cuta, da ciwon daji. Ko da yake kararrakin taba ma galibi ba su yi nasara ba, har yanzu sun haifar da jinkiri da tsada. Lokacin da suka yi nasara, sun sanya matsin lamba mai yawa, ayyuka, da tsada ga gwamnatocin da ke ƙoƙarin inganta lafiyar jama'a.
"Masana'antar UPF tana kama da ɗaukar wannan dabarar," in ji Phillip Baker, mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Sydney wanda ke nazarin tsarin abinci da tasirin UPF na duniya da ke ƙaruwa.
"Masana'antar UPF da abokan hulɗarta sun ci gaba da kalubalantar alamun gargaɗi a gaban marufi, hana talla, da haraji ta kotuna, musamman a shekarun da suka biyo bayan gabatar da kowace manufa.
"Gaskiyar cewa kotuna sun tabbatar da ka'idojin lafiyar jama'a a mafi yawan shari'o'in da aka warware yana da karfafa gwiwa. Amma yawan kararrakin da ke ci gaba, tsawon shekaru na wasu shari'o'i, da rashin bayyana gaskiya game da yawancin masu kara na kamfanoni, duk suna nuna cewa ana amfani da shari'a da yawa—idan ba fiye da haka ba—don jinkirtawa, hana, da iyakance manufofi kamar yadda ake amfani da shi don soke su."
**Tuntuɓi Andrew Gregory game da wannan labari**
Idan kana da wani abu da za ka raba game da wannan labari, za ka iya tuntuɓar Andrew ta amfani da ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin masu zuwa:
**Saƙon Tsaro a cikin Guardian app**
Guardian app yana da kayan aiki don aika bayanai game da labarai. Saƙonni suna da ɓoye daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe kuma suna ɓoye a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun da kowane Guardian mobile app ke yi. Wannan yana hana kowa sanin cewa kana sadarwa da mu, balle abin da kake faɗa.
Idan ba ka riga ka sami Guardian app ba, sauke shi (iOS/Android) kuma je zuwa menu. Zaɓi 'Secure Messaging'.
**Imel**
Idan ba ka buƙatar babban matakin tsaro ko sirri ba, za ka iya aika imel zuwa andrew.gregory@theguardian.com
**SecureDrop**
Idan za ka iya amfani da hanyar sadarwar Tor lafiya ba tare da an lura da kai ko sa ido ba, za ka iya aika saƙonni da takardu zuwa Guardian ta hanyar SecureDrop mu.
A ƙarshe, jagorarmu a theguardian.com/tips ta jera hanyoyi da yawa don tuntuɓar mu lafiya kuma ta tattauna fa'idodi da rashin amfanin kowace hanya.
**Nuna ƙari**
Ana yin UPF ta amfani da hanyoyin masana'antu da sinadarai waɗanda ba a saba samu a shaguna ba. Yakan ƙunshi abubuwan ƙara kamar su ɗanɗano, launi, ko emulsifiers don sa ya zama mai ban sha'awa da ɗanɗano mai kyau.
Shaidar da manyan masana 43 na duniya suka yi bita kuma aka buga a The Lancet a bara ta nuna cewa abinci mai yawan UPF yana da alaƙa da cin abinci fiye da kima, rashin ingancin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma kamuwa da sinadarai masu cutarwa da abubuwan ƙara.
Saboda sau da yawa suna da arha, dacewa, da sauƙin samu, suna maye gurbin sabon abinci cikin sauri a cikin abinci a kowace nahiya. A matsayin martani, ƙasashe suna ƙara ɗaukar manufofin da aka tsara don rage illolin UPF.
Amma waɗannan matakan sun fuskanci tsananin juriya. Kamfanonin UPF suna amfani da dabaru masu tsauri don haɓaka amfani da hana tsari. Waɗannan dabaru sun haɗa da yin latsawa ga masu tsara manufofi, ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da kuma rinjayar muhawarar kimiyya.
A bara, Guardian ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi watsi da sabon jagorar da ke kira ga shaguna su tallata abinci marasa sarrafawa da abinci mai gina jiki bayan kamfen na latsawa daga kamfanonin UPF.
A cikin 2024, Guardian ta fallasa yadda uku daga cikin masana biyar a kan kwamitin ƙwararru wanda ya nuna cewa ana zagin UPF ba daidai ba suna da alaƙa da manyan masana'antun waɗannan samfuran a duniya.
A cikin bincike na farko na nau'insa na ƙasashe da yawa, Guardian da sauran kafofin watsa labarai sun yi aiki tare da masu bincike daga Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Robert da Ethel Kennedy, Jami'ar Sydney, Jami'ar São Paulo, da Jami'ar Caldas don bincika girman martanin shari'a na masana'antar UPF.
Binciken ya gano kararraki 235 da aka shigar kan manufofin da ke nufin UPF a Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Amurka, da Burtaniya tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2025. Lakabi a kan kayan abinci shine manufar da gwamnatoci suka fi shigar da kara akai, sai haraji kan abinci mara kyau da hana talla.
Wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne, a cewar Melissa Mialon, mataimakiyar farfesa a Inserm, cibiyar lafiya da binciken likitanci ta Faransa.
Ta ce: "Masana'antar ba ta son lakabi a gaban marufi. Lakabi a gaban marufi shine mataki na farko zuwa ga rarraba samfuran bisa lafiyar su. Da zarar an kafa hakan, ya zama da sauƙi a yi musu haraji ko hana tallan su, da abubuwa makamantan haka."
Binciken ya gano cewa an shigar da mafi yawan kararraki a Mexico (193), Colombia (18), da Brazil (17).
"Wannan yana da ma'ana saboda Latin Amurka ta kasance jagora a duniya wajen ɗaukar wasu daga cikin manufofin muhallin abinci masu ƙarfi na farko. Wannan ya sa ta zama wurin gwaji mai mahimmanci ga duka sabbin abubuwa na lafiyar jama'a da juriyar masana'antu," in ji Katherine Shats, ƙwararriyar shari'a a fannin abinci na yara a UNICEF.
Mexico na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda suka ba da shawarar kaucewa ko iyakance UPF ko "abinci da aka sarrafa sosai."
"Mun ga irin wannan tsari tare da dokokin sarrafa taba. Lokacin da Ostiraliya ta fara gabatar da marufi na fili da sauran matakan sarrafa taba masu tasiri, ta fuskanci kararraki da kalubale da yawa," in ji Shats.
Chris van Tulleken, marubucin **Ultra-Processed People** kuma farfesa a fannin kamuwa da cuta da lafiyar duniya a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, ya ce jami'an gwamnati suna "tsoron" kararraki daga kamfanonin abinci. (Hoto: TT News Agency/Alamy)
Binciken ya gano kararraki shida a Amurka da ɗaya a Burtaniya. Van Tulleken ya ce, "Masana'antar abinci ba ta buƙatar yin shari'a a Burtaniya sau da yawa saboda dokokinmu suna cike da ramuka da keɓancewa."
"Wannan wani bangare ne saboda, a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, masana'antar ta taimaka wajen tsara dokokin da ke tsara abinci mara lafiya. Don haka a fili, waɗannan dokokin ba sa aiki."
Van Tulleken ya ƙara da cewa yanayin manufofin Burtaniya yana da alaƙa sosai da kamfanonin abinci har akwai "gurguwar manufofi" saboda barazanar shari'a. "Mutanen da ke cikin gwamnati suna tsoron waɗannan kararraki."
"A ƙarshe, gwamnatoci suna buƙatar su kasance masu ƙarfin hali," in ji Shats. "Waɗannan matakan sun shafi kare yara, kiyaye tsarin abinci, da magance muhallin abinci da ke sa al'umma gabaɗaya rashin lafiya."
"Jinkirta aiki saboda tsoron kararraki yana haɗarin tsawaita cutarwa da za a iya hana ta, wanda yake da wuya kuma ya fi tsada a gyara shi a dogon lokaci."
Wani mai magana da yawun Coca-Cola ya ce: "Mun yi imanin cewa mafi kyawun hanyar magance kalubalen lafiyar jama'a ita ce ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci, hukumomin lafiyar jama'a, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Muna shiga cikin gina jiki kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasuwancinmu kuma muna mutunta rawar da kowane mai ruwa da tsaki ke takawa wajen ciyar da manufofin lafiyar jama'a gaba."
Wani mai magana da yawun Ferrero ya ce kamfanin yana goyon bayan manufofin lafiyar jama'a da ke nufin rage kiba da cututtuka masu alaƙa da abinci. Ya ƙara da cewa: "Inda Ferrero ya yi hulɗa da hukumomi da masu tsara manufofi daban-daban, ya kasance game da bayyana aiwatar da manufofi—kamar rashin daidaituwa a yadda ake kula da samfuran makamantan su a ƙarƙashin wannan doka—maimakon adawa da manufofin lafiyar jama'a."
Wani mai magana da yawun Danone ya ce: "Mun yi imanin cewa kamfanoni ya kamata su taka rawar gani, tare da gwamnatoci, cibiyoyin lafiyar jama'a, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki, wajen magance kalubalen lafiyar jama'a. Mun jajirce wajen tattaunawa a fili da kuma shiga cikin gina jiki tare da masu tsara manufofi a duk duniya."
PepsiCo, Mondelēz, Kellogg's, Xignux, da Heartland Food Products Group ba su amsa buƙatun yin sharhi ba.
An samar da wannan bincike tare da haɗin gwiwar Lighthouse Reports, Agência Pública (Brazil), Cuestión Pública (Colombia), Follow the Money (Netherlands), Il Fatto Alimentare (Italy), L'Espresso (Italy), O Joio e O Trigo (Brazil), Quinto Elemento Lab (Mexico), Santa Cruz Local (US), da The Wire (India).
**Tambayoyin da Aka Yi Yawa**
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da yadda kamfanonin abinci masu sarrafa sosai ke amfani da kararraki don hana ka'idojin lafiya, an rubuta su cikin yanayi na halitta tare da amsoshi bayyanannu.
**Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko**
1. **Menene ma'anar "Idan komai ya gaza, a kai kara" a cikin wannan mahallin?**
Yana nufin cewa lokacin da gwamnatoci suka yi ƙoƙarin zartar da dokoki don sa abinci ya zama mai lafiya, manyan kamfanonin abinci sukan yi amfani da kararraki a matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe don hana waɗannan dokokin faruwa.
2. **Me yasa kamfanin abinci zai kai gwamnati kara?**
Suna kai kara saboda sabbin ka'idoji na iya cutar da ribar su. Misali, idan doka ta buƙaci alamar gargaɗi a kan hatsin da ke da sukari, mutane na iya siyan ƙasa da shi. Kamfanin yana jayayya cewa doka ba ta da adalci ko kuma ba ta halatta ba.
3. **Wane irin ka'idojin lafiya muke magana akai?**
Abubuwa kamar haraji kan abubuwan sha masu sukari, hana wasu sinadarai, alamun gargaɗi na tilas a kan abinci mara kyau, ko dokoki game da talla ga yara.
4. **Yaya wannan dabarar ta zama gama gari?**
Tana zama gama gari sosai. Yayin da ƙasashe da yawa ke ƙoƙarin yaƙi da kiba da ciwon sukari, kamfanonin abinci suna ƙara shigar da kararraki don jinkirta ko kashe waɗannan dokokin lafiyar jama'a.
5. **Wane ne ke biyan kuɗin waɗannan kararraki?**
Kamfanonin suna biyan lauyoyin nasu, amma gwamnati dole ta yi amfani da kuɗin masu biyan haraji don kare doka a kotu. Don haka ko da kamfanin ya yi asara, yana kashe kuɗin jama'a.
**Tambayoyi na Matakin Ci Gaba**
6. **Wane irin hujjojin shari'a ne kamfanonin abinci sukan yi amfani da su?**
Sukan yi amfani da manyan hujjoji huɗu:
- **'Yancin magana:** Suna da'awar cewa alamun gargaɗi ko hana talla suna keta haƙƙinsu na 'yancin magana na kasuwanci.
- **Matsalolin kasuwanci:** Suna jayayya cewa doka tana hana kasuwanci na duniya ba daidai ba.
- **Wuce gona da iri:** Suna da'awar cewa gwamnati ba ta da isasshen shaidar kimiyya don tabbatar da ka'idar.
- **Rashin bin tsarin mulki:** Suna jayayya cewa doka ba ta bayyana ba ko kuma tana kwace haƙƙin mallakar su.
7. **Za ka iya ba da misali na ainihi na kamfani da ya kai kara kan dokar lafiya?**
Ee. A cikin 2015, Mexico ta zartar da haraji kan abubuwan sha masu sukari. Coca-Cola da sauran kamfanoni sun kai kara suna da'awar cewa harajin bai dace da tsarin mulki ba. Sun yi asara, amma karar ta jinkirta aiwatarwa kuma ta haifar da rashin tabbas.
8. **Shin waɗannan kararraki sun taɓa yin nasara?**
Wani lokaci. A cikin 2014, masana'antar soda ta Amurka ta kai kara don hana dokar New York City ta hana manyan abubuwan sha masu sukari. Kotu ta soke ta, tana kiranta ba daidai ba kuma mai son rai.
