Masana zane-zanen taswira uku sun bayyana mamaki cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da taswirar tasu kusan a duk duniya. An tsara taswirar ne domin nuna ainihin girman Afirka da Turai daidai, ko da yake wasu jami'an diflomasiyya da ba su ji dadi ba sun yi korafi. Masu kirkirar taswirar Equal Earth sun so su bayar da wata hanya ta daban maimakon taswirar Mercator da aka yi amfani da ita sosai tun karni na 16. Masu suka sun dade suna jayayya cewa taswirar Mercator tana sa kasashen arewacin duniya su bayyana manya fiye da yadda suke a zahiri, wanda hakan ke karfafa tunanin inda ikon duniya yake. "Ya kasance mako mai cike da aiki a gare ni," in ji Tom Patterson, wani sanannen masanin taswirar wuraren shakatawa na Amurka wanda dole ne ya fito daga ritaya kusan bayan da tambayoyi daga gwamnatoci suka mamaye shi game da cikakkun bayanai na sabuwar hanyar. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri'a a wannan watan don amincewa da sabuwar taswirar, wadda ta fi nuna girman dukkan nahiyoyi daidai, musamman Afirka. Ana fatan wannan tsarin zai maye gurbin Mercator a bangon makarantu da shafukan yanar gizo na gwamnatoci. Togo ce ta gabatar da shawarar, kuma ta yi nasara sosai, inda kasashe 164 suka kada kuri'ar amincewa. Kuri'ar "a'a" daya tilo ta fito daga Amurka, wadda wakiliyarta a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yaryna Ferencevych, ta ce kudurori irin su "gyara taswirar" sun kasance "kwayoyin cuta a kan aikinmu a nan". Amurka na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka bayyana karami a sabuwar taswirar. Hakanan tana sa Greenland - wata kyauta ta yanki da Donald Trump ya fito fili ya yi kwadayin ta a matsayin "babban kankara mai kyau" - ta bayyana ba ta da rinjaye sosai.
Taswirar da ke nuna yadda Greenland da Turai suka bayyana manya fiye da Afirka a taswirar Mercator, yayin da suka bayyana karami idan an kwatanta a taswirar Equal Earth.
Wasu kasashe shida kuma sun kaurace wa kada kuri'ar, kuma Patterson ya ce jami'an diflomasiyya daga ofisoshin jakadanci a Washington DC sun tuntube shi suna neman karin bayani.
Japan ta nemi a yi gyara saboda ta ce taswirar ta sa tsibiran Kuril da ake takaddama a kansu su bayyana a matsayin na Rasha ta hanyar sanya su cikin launin rawaya daya. Ukraine ita ma ta kaurace wa kada kuri'ar, saboda Crimea da Rasha ta mamaye yana da wani launi daban da sauran kasar. Wakilan Ukraine a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce wannan ya bude "akwatin Pandora" kuma ya saba wa dokar kasa da kasa.
Masana taswirar suna ganin wadannan adawa sun samo asali ne daga wani rashin fahimta. Taswirar da aka kada kuri'a a kanta a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tsarin lissafi ne kawai na kasa da teku, ba tare da iyakokin da mutum ya yi ko launi ba. Rudanin ya taso ne saboda wani shafi da Patterson ke gudanarwa wanda ke bayar da taswirar Equal Earth kyauta. Ya yi wa wadannan bayani da layukan siyasa da sunayen kasashe, kuma yana gaggawa a wannan makon don sabunta su, ciki har da sauya launuka da canza rubutun kalmomi, kamar Turkey zuwa Türkiye.
"Ina kallon taswirar Equal Earth a matsayin takardu masu rai kuma ina godiya da shawarwari masu amfani da yawa da na samu," in ji shi.
Patterson ya kirkiro sabuwar hanyar ne a shekarar 2018 tare da wani injiniyan software da ke California, Bojan Šavrič, "masanin lissafi" na mutanen uku, da Bernhard Jenny, wani mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Monash da ke Melbourne, Australia.
Jenny ya ce mutane gaba daya suna ganin taswirori ingantattun wakilci ne na Duniya, amma wannan tunanin ya rushe saboda muna rayuwa a kan wani fili mai lankwasa. Wannan yana haifar da matsala, domin ba a iya sauya wani abu mai kama da kwallo zuwa wani lebur mai kusurwa hudu cikin sauki.
"Yana kama da misalin bawon lemu," in ji Jenny. "Dole ne ka yayyage shi ka mike shi, kuma ba zai yiwu ka shimfida shi ba ... don haka dole ne ka yi sulhu."
Wata taswirar duniya, da ake kira Goode homolosine projection, tana kama da bawon lemu da aka yayyage sosai. Manyan matsalolinta su ne cewa ba ta da dadi sosai ga idon mutum kuma ba ta da sauki sosai wajen amfani da ita wajen tafiya - abin da Mercator mai rauni ya kware a kai, domin arewa koyaushe tana sama.
Duba hoto a cikakken allo. Taswirar Goode homolosine. Hoto: Tobias Jung.
Ga Jenny, zanen taswira ya shafi kyau da kuma kimiyya. "Mu masana taswira muna cewa zanen taswira fasaha ce da kimiyya ta yin taswira. Don haka wani hadewa ne na biyun."
Equal Earth ba ita ce farkon yunkurin magance gazawar Mercator ba. An kirkiro wasu hanyoyi da dama a karnin da ya gabata, ciki har da tsarin Gall-Peters, wanda ke nuna ainihin girman yankunan kasa, amma wanda sau da yawa yakan bayyana da tsayi mai ban mamaki, kusan kamar nahiyoyin suna ratsewa. Jenny ya ce: "An sami suka mai yawa daga masana taswira wadanda suka ce: 'To, yana kama da an rataya tufafi su bushe.'"
Koyaushe akwai sulhu wajen yin taswira. Yi wani lokaci tare da masanin taswira sai abin da zai iya zama kamar gaskiya ta asali ya rushe da sauri. "Wace hanya ce sama?" ko "Ina tsakiya yake" ba tambayoyi masu sauki ba ne ga masana taswira. Tsoffin taswirar Musulunci an daidaita su ne da kudu a sama, inda birnin Makka mai tsarki yake a layin gani na mai kallo. Tsawon lokaci, an rika gabatar da taswirar duniya daga mahangar Landan, inda Greenwich yake a tsakiya.
Kwafin taswirar kudu-a-sama da wani masanin kasa Larabawa Muhammad al-Idrisi ya yi. Hoto: UniversalImagesGroup/Getty Images
"Dole ne ka yi sulhu," in ji Jenny. Taswirar Equal Earth, misali, ba za ta yi amfani wajen tafiya ba, tunda kasashen da ke gefuna suna matsewa. A gaskiya, idan wata kasa tana da hakkin yin fushi, da ita ce New Zealand, wadda aka mike ta, aka gurbata ta, aka tura ta gefen taswirar.
"Taswira ba ta taba zama tsaka-tsaki ba," in ji Jenny. "Don haka ba za ka iya faranta wa kowa rai ba."
Šavrič, wanda ya yi aiki kan tsarin lissafi, ya ce ba ya taba tunanin shekaru takwas da suka wuce cewa binciken mutanen uku za a tattauna shi a manyan matakai.
"Abin da ya fi faranta min rai shi ne cewa wannan ya kirkiro wata dama mai muhimmanci ta karfafa ilimin taswira da wayar da kan jama'a cewa babu wata hanya daya ta zanen taswira da za ta iya bayar da cikakken 'ainihin' wakilci na duniya," in ji shi. "Kowace hanyar zanen taswira tana da abin da ake bayarwa da karba. Ina matukar jin dadin cewa kudurin [Majalisar Dinkin Duniya] bai haramta taswirar Mercator gaba daya ba ko kuma ya tilasta wata hanya daya ta maye gurbin duk taswirori."
Taswirar duniya ta tsaye ta wani masanin taswira dan China Hao Xiaoguang, wadda ya kirkiro a 2021. Hoto: TPG/Getty Images
Jenny shi ma ya yi murna, yana kallo daga Australia. "Wannan wani irin mafarkin masanin taswira ne, ko?" in ji shi. "Gaskiyar cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana tattauna hanyoyin zanen taswira na tsawon awa daya gaba daya abu ne mai matukar farantawa masana taswira rai, sannan kuma taswirarmu ce. Ina nufin, me kuma za ka nemi?"
Duk da haka, yana da wani hasashe cewa wani abu kuma ya taimaka wa taswirar Equal Earth: karfin kyakkyawan suna. "Ina ganin, tabbas, cewa nan take ka san abin da yake," in ji Jenny. Da sun kira ta "Šavrič-Patterson-Jenny projection," in ji shi cikin raha, watakila ba za ta yi nasara haka ba.
Hoton kan shafi shi ne A Correct Sea Chart of the Whole World, According to Wright's Commonly Called Mercator's Projection, wanda aka yi a 1728. Kyauta daga David Rumsey Map Collection
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Ga jerin tambayoyin da ake yawan yi kan batun kawar da taswirar mulkin mallaka da masana taswira da ke kalubalantar son zuciya na Yamma a taswirori
Tambayoyi na farko
Me ake nufi da Taswira ba ta taba zama tsaka-tsaki ba
Yana nufin cewa kowace taswira wani ne ya kirkiro ta da wata manufa ta musamman, mahanga, ko wasu imani. Zabukan da suke yi kamar abin da za a saka da abin da za a bar da yadda za a sanya sunayen wurare suna nuna son zuciyarsu. Babu wani abu kamar taswira mai cikakken adalci ko tsaka-tsaki
Me ya sa taswirori suke da muhimmanci haka
Taswirori hanya ce mai karfi ta nuna abin da yake na gaskiya da abin da yake da muhimmanci Suna tsara yadda muke ganin duniya suna ayyana iyakoki da fahimtar tarihi Domin sau da yawa ana daukar su a matsayin gaskiya son zuciyar da ke cikinsu na iya zama abin karba a matsayin gaskiya
Menene son zuciya na Yamma a zanen taswira
Yana nufin dabi'ar da ake kirkiro taswirori daga mahangar Turai ko Arewacin Amurka Wannan sau da yawa yana nufin sanya Turai a tsakiyar duniya yin amfani da sunayen Yamma ga wurare da fifita tunanin Yamma game da iyakoki da mallaka fiye da hanyoyin 'yan asali ko na gida na fahimtar kasa
Su wanene masana taswira da aka ambata a taken
Kungiya ce ta masana taswira masu fasaha da masana kasa daban-daban wadanda ke kirkirar taswirori da ke kalubalantar mahangar Yamma ta gargajiya Sun hada da masana taswira 'yan asali masana kasa masu suka da masu fasaha wadanda ke amfani da taswirori wajen ba da labarun da aka yi watsi da su ko aka shafe su
Menene sauki misali na taswira mai son zuciya
Misali mafi yawanci shi ne taswirar Mercator Taswira ce ta duniya da ke sa kasashen da ke kusa da sandunan duniya kamar Greenland da Rasha su bayyana manya fiye da yadda suke a zahiri yayin da take sa kasashen da ke kusa da ma'aunin zafi kamar na Afirka su bayyana karami Wannan a gani yana rage muhimmancin Kudancin Duniya
Tambayoyi na tsakiya
Menene wasu matsalolin da aka saba samu a taswirorin Yamma na gargajiya
Matsalolin da aka saba samu sun hada da
Yarjejeniyar Arewa a Sama Wannan zabin al'ada ne ba gaskiyar kasa ba Yana iya nuna cewa Arewacin Duniya ya fi
Shafe kasancewar 'yan asali Taswirori da yawa suna nuna kasa babu kowa wadda 'yan asali suka rika sarrafawa da zama a cikinta
Sanya sunayen mulkin mallaka Yin amfani da sunayen da masu mulkin mallaka suka bayar maimakon ainihin sunayen 'yan asali na tsaunuka koguna da yankuna
Iyakoki fiye da dangantaka Fifita iyakokin siyasa da ke raba mutane maimakon nuna alakar al'ada harshe ko muhalli
