Bayan da Rasha ta kai hari a Ukraine a watan Fabrairu 2022, haɗin kai tsakanin Poland da Ukraine ya zama ɗaya daga cikin labarai mafi ban sha'awa na mummunan yaƙin Kremlin. Miliyoyin mutanen Poland, suna tuna mummunan tarihin ƙasarsu da Rasha, sun yi gaggawar taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijirar Ukraine da abinci, matsuguni, da tallafi yayin da suke tsallaka kan iyaka da yawa don tserewa rikicin.
Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, wannan guguwar karimci da haɗin kai ta zama kamar abin tunawa mai nisa. Ƙasashen biyu yanzu suna cikin rigima mai zafi game da tarihi, wanda ke tattare da maganganun fushi, zarge-zarge, da barazanar Poland ta toshe shigar Ukraine cikin EU har sai ta warware matsalolinta na tarihi.
Rigimar ta ta'allaka ne kan Rundunar 'Yan Tawayen Ukraine (UPA), wadda reshenta ɗaya ke da alhakin kisan kiyashi na kusan mutane 100,000 na Poland a shekara ta 1943 a Volyn, yammacin Ukraine—wanda a lokacin yanki ne na Poland, wanda aka sani da Volhynia. Wannan ya daɗe yana zama abin tashin hankali tsakanin Warsaw da Kyiv, amma sabon rikici ya barke lokacin da Shugaban Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy ya yanke shawarar sanya sunan wani rukunin soja bayan "jaruman UPA," duk da zanga-zangar Poland.
A Ukraine, ana tunawa da UPA musamman don yaƙi da mulkin Soviet, yayin da rawar da ta taka a kisan kiyashin Poland, da kuma kashe Yahudawa, ana raina ta ko kuma ana kallonta a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban tsarin laifuffuka na runduna daban-daban a lokacin rikicin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Wasu 'yan Ukraine kuma suna nuna mahallin tarihi na manufofin nuna bambanci na hukumomin Poland game da kakanninsu. Duk da haka, babu shakka cewa kashe-kashen ya faru, kuma a Poland, ana kiran su kisan kare dangi.
"Yabo kisan kare dangi ko rufe ido gayyata ce don ci gaba da kisan kare dangi," in ji shugaban masu kishin ƙasa na Poland, Karol Nawrocki, a cikin wani jawabi da ya yi don tunawa da ranar tunawa da kisan kiyashin a ranar Asabar, kusa da kan iyaka da Ukraine.
A watan Yuni, Nawrocki ya kwace wa Zelenskyy lambar yabo ta jihar Poland saboda rigimar. Wannan ya sa wasu jami'an Ukraine suka mayar da lambobin yabo na Poland, kuma ya haifar da fushi daga manyan siyasar Ukraine.
"Ba wanda zai sake gaya wa 'yan Ukraine wane jarumi za su girmama, wane biki za su yi, ko wane tarihi za su yi nazari," in ji Kyrylo Budanov, babban hafsan ma'aikatan Zelenskyy, a shafin X, yayin da gwamnati ta sanar da cewa tana ci gaba da "pantheon" na jaruman ƙasar Ukraine, wanda mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da mutanen UPA.
Zelenskyy ba shi ne shugaban kishin ƙasa ba. Ya lashe mulki a shekara ta 2019 a matsayin shugaba "mai haɗa kai" wanda zai iya haɗa 'yan Ukraine, kuma ya girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa masu magana da Rashanci daga yankin masana'antu na kudu maso gabashin Ukraine, mai nisa daga al'adun kishin ƙasa na yammacin Ukraine. "Ba zato ba tsammani, wani mutumin da ya san da kyau yadda girmama UPA ke da lahani ya fara wasa da wannan kishin ƙasa," in ji Bartosz Cichocki, jakadan Poland a Ukraine daga 2019 zuwa 2023.
Wasu suna cewa Zelenskyy ya yanke shawarar cewa za a sami fa'idodin cikin gida daga wannan matakin, a lokacin da al'umma ke haɗe cikin yaƙi da Rasha kuma suna sha'awar jaruman ƙasa. "Yana samun halaccin cikin gida amma yana rasa wani abu mafi girma… Ina tsammanin sun yi mamakin yadda martaninmu ya yi ƙarfi," in ji Cichocki.
A Poland, Nawrocki ya yi amfani da wannan abin kunya. A matsayinsa na masanin tarihi, ya mai da hankali kan wahala da jaruntaka na Poland a matsayinsa na baya, kuma a bara ya doke wani ɗan takara mai sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa shugabancin ƙasa tare da ra'ayin adawa da Ukraine a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofinsa. Kwace wa Zelenskyy lambar yabo mafi girma na farar hula da jihar Poland ta ba shi wani mataki ne mai ban mamaki, musamman ganin cewa an ba da lambar yabo ɗaya ga—kuma ba a taɓa kwacewa ba—ga mai mulkin kama-karya na Italiya Benito Mussolini da tsohon shugaban Jamus mai goyon bayan Rasha Gerhard Schröder. A watan Afrilu 2023, Shugaban Poland Andrzej Duda ya ba Zelenskyy lambar yabo ta Order of the White Eagle. Hoton: Radek Pietruszka/EPA
Duk da haka, a bayyane yake cewa ɗaukar matsayi mai tsauri kan Ukraine na iya biya a siyasa. Wani binciken jin ra'ayin jama'a na kwanan nan daga gidan jaridar Poland Onet ya nuna cewa abin kunya ya ƙara shaharar Nawrocki, wanda ya tura amincewarsa zuwa matsayi mafi girma na 55%—ya ƙaru da fiye da 8% daga wata ɗaya da ya gabata.
Masanin tarihin Ukraine Yaroslav Hrytsak ya ce: "Poland tana da mai yaƙi da tunawa a mulki, wanda ke amfani da tunawa a matsayin kayan aiki don yaƙe-yaƙe na jam'iyya a Poland." Yana nufin Nawrocki da Zelenskyy, ya ƙara da cewa: "A gefe ɗaya, muna da shugaban da ya damu da tarihi sosai, kuma a gefe guda, shugaban da bai damu da shi ba."
Tsaye a cikin adawar siyasa mai ƙarfi ga Nawrocki shine gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ta Poland, wadda Donald Tusk ke jagoranta. Wasu daga cikin membobinta sun yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar hanyar sulhu ga Ukraine, amma su ma sun fusata da sanarwar UPA. Tare da zaɓen majalisa mai zuwa shekara mai zuwa, suna sane da haɗarin bayyana rauni kan Ukraine.
A karshen mako da ya gabata, Tusk ya sanar da ƙirƙirar "bangon tunawa" wanda zai jera sunayen kowane sanannen wanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashin. Ya nuna cewa Ukraine ba ta da wuri a cikin EU har sai ta fuskanci tarihinta. "Sulhu a Turai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya yiwu ne saboda gaskiya da ikon yin magana da gaskiya game da abin da ya gabata," in ji Tusk. "Waɗanda suke son shiga wannan al'umma dole ne su kasance a shirye don wannan gaskiyar."
Duba hoto cikin cikakken allo: Donald Tusk da Volodymyr Zelenskyy sun ziyarci wani abin tunawa da yaƙi a Kyiv a watan Fabrairu. Hoton: Ukrainian Presidential Press Service/Reuters
Irin wannan rugujewar dangantakar Poland da Ukraine na iya zama sabon abu, amma rashin gamsuwa ya daɗe yana ƙaruwa a bangarorin biyu. Haɗin kai ya kasance saboda Ukraine ta san ba za ta iya rasa babban abokin tarayya ba, kuma Poland ta fahimci cewa sojojin Ukraine suna tsaye tsakaninta da Rasha mai faɗaɗa. Amma abubuwa kamar toshewar manyan motocin Ukraine da direbobin Poland suka yi a ƙarshen 2023 sun nuna dangantaka mai rikitarwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Yawancin mutanen Poland suna jin haushin fiye da miliyan 1 na 'yan Ukraine da ke zaune a Poland yanzu, wanda 'yan siyasa masu kishin ƙasa ke ƙarfafawa, waɗanda suka yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa 'yan Ukraine suna ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Poland.
Ga 'yan Ukraine, akwai jin cewa mutanen Poland suna raina su kuma ba sa godiya da sadaukarwar da suke yi don kare sauran Turai daga Rasha. Mutane da yawa suna nuna fushi game da yadda ake wulakanta su a kan iyakokin Poland—ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin fita daga Ukraine, saboda rashin jiragen sama zuwa ƙasar tun 2022. Ko da bayan shekaru huɗu na yaƙi, akwai sau da yawa wurare marasa kyau, jami'an tsaron iyaka masu tsauri, da dogayen layuka a sararin sama, inda tsofaffi da yara ƙanana ke jira na sa'o'i a cikin zafi, ruwan sama, ko dusar ƙanƙara.
Tsallake bayanan wasiƙar: Wasiƙar kyauta | Mako-mako. Yi rajista don wannan Turai ce. Labarai da muhawara mafi mahimmanci ga Turawa—daga asali zuwa tattalin arziki zuwa muhalli. Preview. Shigar da imel ɗin ku. Yi rajista.
Bayan tallan wasiƙar: "Duk lokacin da na shiga Poland, ina jin jikina yana rawar jiki da fushi game da yadda suke kallonmu, yadda suke bi da mu," in ji Olha, mai zanen hoto daga Kyiv wadda ba ta son a buga sunan mahaifinta.
Gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa suma sun tada damuwa a tsawon shekaru game da girmamawar Ukraine ga wasu mutanen UPA waɗanda mabiyansu suka taimaka a Holocaust. A shekara ta 2010, masanin tarihin Amurka Timothy Snyder ya soki tsohon Shugaban Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko don girmama Stepan Bandera, shugaban wani reshe na UPA. Snyder ya bayyana burin siyasar Bandera a matsayin "mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya ba tare da tsirarun ƙasa ba." Duk da haka, an sanya sunayen tituna a biranen Ukraine da sunan Bandera, kuma ana iya samun maganganunsa a bangon wuraren shaye-shaye na zamani a Kyiv.
Wannan ba hujja ba ce, kamar yadda farfagandar Kremlin ta daɗe tana nunawa, cewa al'ummar Ukraine ta cika da…Fascism. Karɓar UPA gabaɗaya wani ɓangare ne na babban tsari na haɗin kai na ƙasa a Ukraine, inda mutane da yawa suka karɓi wasu mutanen tarihi na Ukraine yayin da ƙasar ke haɗe don yaƙi da barazanar Rasha.
Hrytsak ya ce: "Ukraine ta kasance mai rarrabuwa sosai game da UPA, inda kusan rabin 'yan Ukraine ke kallon su a matsayin 'yan fashi ko masu haɗin gwiwa. Tun da yaƙin ya fara, an sami yarjejeniya nan take cewa su ne mayaƙan 'yanci."
Yana nuna "jahilci da rashin jin daɗi" a Ukraine game da abin da UPA ta bari mai rigima, ya ƙara da cewa yawancin 'yan Ukraine yanzu suna kallon motsin kishin ƙasa kawai ta hanyar yaƙinsa da ikon Soviet, kuma sun yi mamaki da fushi game da martanin Poland mai ƙarfi.
Duba hoto cikin cikakken allo: Masu zanga-zanga a Warsaw suna tunawa da kisan kiyashin Volhynia suna sanye da T-shirts da ke nuna adawarsu ga Stepan Bandera. Hoton: Marek Antoni Iwańczuk/NurPhoto/Shutterstock
Karolina Romanowska, shugabar Ƙungiyar Sulhun Poland da Ukraine, wadda kakanta ya tsira daga kisan kiyashin Volhynia, ta yi fim game da shi a shekara ta 2023 kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa Ukraine sau da yawa, wani lokaci tana shirya tarurrukan horo a wuraren da abin ya faru. "Mutane sau da yawa suna mamakin abin da suka ji," in ji ta. "Wannan shine karo na farko da suka taɓa koyan abubuwan da suka faru a inda suke zaune." Ta ce maganganun Ukraine na baya-bayan nan sun bar ta "cikin baƙin ciki da rashin jin daɗi."
Ƙoƙarin kawo masana tarihi daga ƙasashen biyu don cimma fahimtar juna yanzu ya zama kamar ba zai yiwu ba, yayin da 'yan siyasa ke jagorantar tattaunawa kuma muryoyin sulhu ba a ji su. A karshen mako, a wani biki a Volyn don waɗanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashin, babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Poland a Ukraine ya kuma nuna "waɗanda aka kashe na Ukraine daga tashin hankalin Poland," wanda ya haifar da fushi a Poland da kira ga murabus dinsa.
Tare da zaɓe a Poland shekara mai zuwa, da kuma mai yiwuwa a Ukraine nan ba da jimawa ba idan yanayin soja ya ba da dama, mutane da yawa suna cewa babu bege don rage tashin hankali. Zelenskyy da Nawrocki sun yi magana na awa ɗaya a makon da ya gabata a gefen taron NATO a Turkiyya, suna ƙoƙarin rage tashin hankali, amma ba su cimma wata yarjejeniya ba.
Cichocki ya ce dangantakar za ta iya farfadowa zuwa wani matsayi—tunda yawancin mutanen Poland sun gane cewa Warsaw da Kyiv suna da abokan gaba ɗaya a Rasha—amma a nan gaba, tana iya rasa dumi da sadaukarwa ta gaskiya. "Za ta iyakance ga sha'awar juna, inda muke ganin cewa duka 'yan Poland da 'yan Ukraine suna amfana," in ji shi. "Ba za a ƙara samun soyayya ba, ba za a ƙara samun butulci ba, kuma Poland za ta yi tsauri sosai game da haɗin kan Ukraine da EU."
Hrytsak ya ce duk wani lissafi zai ɗauki lokaci, kuma toshe hanyar Ukraine zuwa haɗin kan Turai zai zama mara amfani: "Duk sulhun ƙasa a Turai ya faru ne bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ba a lokacinsu ba. Ukraine dole ne ta ci yaƙin, ko aƙalla ta tsira, sannan za mu iya fara magance waɗannan batutuwa masu rikitarwa."
Ya ƙara da cewa, ganin dogon tarihi mai rikitarwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu, "abin al'ajabi ne" cewa sun gudanar da dangantakar da kyau bayan faduwar kwaminisanci. Mutane da yawa sun yi hasashen sabon rikici a lokacin, amma an ɗauki wata hanya daban. Yanzu, kyakkyawar niyya da aka samu da wahala tana raguwa da sauri. "Abin al'ajabi ya lalace," in ji shi. "Inda zai tafi daga nan zai iya zama mai haɗari sosai."
Ƙarin rahoto daga Jakub Krupa
**Tambayoyi da Aka Yi Yawa**
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Poland da Ukraine, daidaita ƙawancensu na yanzu da Rasha da kuma tarihin haɗin gwiwa mai wahala
**Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko**
1. Me yasa Poland da Ukraine suke ƙawance yanzu?
Domin suna da babban abokin gaba ɗaya, Rasha. Duk ƙasashen biyu suna jin barazanar Rasha kai tsaye. Suna haɗin gwiwa kan taimakon soja, tsaron iyaka, da diflomasiyya don tunkarar tasirin Rasha.
2. Menene rikicin tarihi tsakanin Poland da Ukraine?
Babban abin tashin hankali shine Kisan Kiyashin Volhynia a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, inda 'yan kishin ƙasar Ukraine suka kashe dubban fararen hula na Poland. Wannan lamari rauni ne mai zurfi da ba a warke ba a tunanin Poland. Akwai kuma tsofaffin rikice-rikice game da yanki da asali tun shekaru aru-aru.
3. Shin wannan tarihin yana shafar ƙawancensu a yau?
E, sosai. Yayin da suke aiki tare da Rasha, ɗacin tarihi yana haifar da rashin amana da tashin hankali na siyasa. Yana iyakance zurfin haɗin gwiwarsu kuma yana sa ya zama da wahala a amince da tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci.
4. Shin mutanen Poland da Ukraine na yau da kullun suna jituwa?
Gabaɗaya e, musamman tun da yaƙin ya fara. Miliyoyin 'yan Ukraine sun gudu zuwa Poland kuma an karɓe su da kyau. Duk da haka, akwai tashin hankali a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wasu mutanen Poland suna jin cewa ana manta da tarihin, kuma wasu 'yan Ukraine suna jin cewa Poland tana amfani da abin da ya gabata don yi musu wa'azi.
5. Menene Kisan Kiyashin Volhynia a taƙaice?
Yaƙin neman tsarkake kabilanci ne mai muni a 1943-44. Rundunar 'Yan Tawayen Ukraine ta kai hari a ƙauyukan Poland a yankin Volhynia, inda ta kashe kimanin mutane 40,000 zuwa 100,000 na Poland, sau da yawa ta hanyoyi masu muni.
**Tambayoyi na Matsakaici da Ci Gaba**
6. Ta yaya rigimar tarihi ke rage haɗin gwiwar soja?
Yana haifar da cikas na siyasa. Misali, Poland wani lokaci tana sanya cikakken tallafi kan Ukraine ta amince da kuma neman afuwa game da Kisan Kiyashin Volhynia. Wannan yana rage tsarin shirye-shiryen soja na haɗin gwiwa kuma yana iya jinkirta isar da makamai masu mahimmanci ko raba bayanan sirri.
7. Shin rikicin ya shafi abin da ya gabata ne kawai ko akwai batutuwan siyasa na yanzu?
Duka biyun ne. Batutuwan yanzu sun haɗa da:
