A shekara ta 1972, babban marubucin Jamus Heinrich Böll ya bayyana yaƙin da Red Army Faction (RAF) ta fara shekaru biyu da suka gabata a matsayin yaƙin "shida da miliyan 60." An soki marubucin sosai saboda wannan furuci, inda wasu suka zarge shi da tausayin masu tayar da bam da masu kisan kai. Amma Böll ya nuna ainihin dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe ta sha kaye. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake zargi na ƙarshe da suka rage, wata mace mai shekaru 67 mai suna Daniela Klette, an yanke mata hukuncin shekaru 13 a gidan yari saboda fashi da makami.
A lokacin da Böll yake rubutu, hare-haren bam, garkuwa da mutane, da harbe-harbe na RAF sun haifar da mafi munin rikici ga dimokuradiyyar Jamus ta Yamma tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An kashe mutane da dama, an raunata wasu da yawa, an saka hotunan da ake nema da shingen bincike na 'yan sanda a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma an kashe albarkatun ƙasa masu yawa don yaƙi da ta'addanci. Ƙungiyar tana son ƙananan motocin BMW na wasanni sosai har aka yi musu laƙabi da "Baader-Meinhof Wagen," bayan shahararrun shugabannin kafa na RAF, Andreas Baader da Ulrike Meinhof.
Duk da haka, kasa da shekaru goma bayan haka, wakilin Guardian a Jamus ta Yamma ya rubuta game da wani sabon "yanayi na zaman lafiya da annashuwa." Yaƙin neman canji na RAF na kawo sauyi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ga ƙasar ya ƙare, in ji su. Ya kasance "ta'addancin da ya mutu da kuka fiye da ƙarfi."
Wannan hukunci ya ɗan yi da wuri, amma ba da yawa ba. Meinhof ta kashe kanta a gidan yari a shekara ta 1976, kuma Baader ya mutu haka bayan shekara guda. "Ƙarni na biyu" na Red Army Faction ya kai hare-hare na bazuwa, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan 'yantar da membobinta daga gidan yari fiye da ciyar da gwagwarmayar duniya gaba da mulkin mallaka da jari-hujja. A ƙarshe, yawancinsu sun ƙare a gidan yari tare da abokan aikinsu. "Ƙarni na uku" ya ci gaba da yaƙi marar himma na tsawon shekaru goma ko makamancin haka. Klette na cikin waɗanda ake zargi na wannan ƙarni.
Masu fafutuka a duk faɗin Turai da bayanta sun nuna Klette a matsayin jaruma a yaƙin neman adalci na zamantakewa na duniya da na gida. Ita "wata irin kaka ce jaruma ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu," in ji Dr. Hans-Jakob Schindler, masanin ta'addanci na Jamus, ga BBC. A kotu, Klette ta yi iƙirarin cewa shari'arta na da dalili na siyasa kuma ta ce ta ci gaba da jajircewa wajen yaƙi da "jari-hujja da mulkin maza." Magoya bayanta a cikin falon jama'a sun yi ta ihun taken. Wasu kuma sun yi muhawara kan ko hukuncin ya yi tsauri, ko kuma shari'ar ba ta nufin hukunta mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu kawai ba, amma dukan ƙungiyar hagu.
A gefen dama, ana kallon hukuncin Klette a matsayin mai laushi, duk da cewa tana fuskantar shari'a kan zargin hannu a hare-hare uku a shekarun 1990 da 1994: wani harin bam da bai yi nasara ba a wajen banki, harbi a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Bonn, da kuma harin bam a gidan yari a shekara ta 1993.
An yi suka da yawa ga kotuna saboda rashin iya gurfanar da Klette a gaban kotu kan zama memba a RAF saboda laifukan da ake zarginta sun faru da dadewa, da kuma hukumomi saboda yadda suka ƙyale ta ta zauna ba tare da damuwa ba a wata unguwa mai zaman kanta a Berlin tsawon shekaru 30. Gaskiyar cewa dokokin Jamus sun hana 'yan sanda yin amfani da fasahar gane fuska da wani ɗan jarida ya yi amfani da ita don gano Klette ya haifar da rashin imani.
Waɗannan damuwa sun yi kama da batutuwan da aka taso a shekarun 1970, shekaru goma da suka yi kama da namu. Suna da fahimta, amma yanzu sun rasa ma'ana. Hukuncin da aka yanke wa Klette ya nuna ƙarshen yaƙin da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi da RAF. Wataƙila ya ɗauki fiye da rabin ƙarni, amma yana da daraja a bincika saboda yana ba da darussa masu mahimmanci game da yadda za a iya kuma ya kamata a gudanar da yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci.
Duba hoto a cikakken allo: Ofishin jakadancin Jamus ta Yamma a Stockholm bayan da membobin ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta Red Army Faction suka kwace ginin kuma suka tayar da bam guda biyu, 28 ga Afrilu 1975. Hoton: Keystone/Getty Images
Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa RAF ta ƙarshe ta sha kaye shi ne cewa manyan jami'ai sun fahimci cewa ba da kai ga barazanarta zai ƙara ƙarfafa hare-haren ta'addanci. An horar da wata sabuwar ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta musamman kuma an ba su kayan aiki don magance yanayin garkuwa da mutane. Garkuwa da mutane da sace jiragen sama sun ƙara haɗari ga masu kai hari kuma sun ba masu yanke shawara wani zaɓi mai mahimmanci. Wani abu kuma shi ne cewa, duk da wasu lokuta na danniya da ba su dace da tsarin mulki ba kuma ba bisa doka ba, martanin jihar ya kasance a cikin doka, kuma gwamnatoci masu zuwa sun tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da laifukan ta'addanci ta hanyar tsarin shari'ar laifuka.
Gadon wannan hanya har yanzu yana bayyane a yau. Masu shari'a sun raba laifukan da ake zargin Klette da su daga kowane mahallin siyasa a hankali kuma cikin hikima. Wannan ya bambanta sosai da yadda ake bi da Palestine Action a Burtaniya, inda amfani da dokokin ta'addanci marasa gaskiya da siyasa ya zama mara amfani gaba ɗaya.
An ci RAF da yawa saboda kyamar jama'a ga tashin hankalinta. Rashin jin daɗi ya bazu cikin sauri kuma gabaɗaya, har ma a tsakanin magoya baya. Wani bincike na shekara ta 1971 ya gano cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na Jamusawa na Yamma suna kallon ayyukan ƙungiyar a matsayin na siyasa maimakon na laifi. Bayan shekara guda, an ci amanar Meinhof yayin da take ɓoye a wani gida da take tsammanin yana da aminci. Sauye-sauye da rikice-rikice na ciki sun karu yayin da RAF ta juya wa kanta.
A shekarun 1980, ƙungiyar ta zama tsohuwa. Tushenta ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyar zanga-zangar jama'a ta ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Membobin sun yanke shawarar cewa tafiye-tafiye da ƙuri'u ba su isa ba don cimma sauyin da suke so, don haka suka koma tashin hankali. Amma sun yi kuskure. Bam da harsashinsu bai taimaka wajen ciyar da abubuwan ci gaba ba.
Kamar yadda yake a wasu sassan Yammacin Turai, yawancin buƙatun da masu zanga-zangar suka gabatar an cika su a wani ɓangare. An gyara ko kuma zartar da dokokin zubar da ciki da saki, an rage shekarun jefa ƙuri'a, an ba da kuɗi don ilimi na gaba, an fara tambayar manyan matsayi a karon farko, kuma shahararrun matasa a kiɗa, wasanni, har ma da siyasa sun sami sabon matsayi.
Tare, waɗannan abubuwan sun nuna cewa tun kafin Klette ta shiga aikin fafutuka, masu fafutuka suna neman kawo canji ta hanyar tsarin dimokuradiyya, ba don lalata shi ba. Sun yi imani cewa wannan ita ce hanyar da za a bi don samun kwance damarar makaman nukiliya, kare muhalli, ko kuma biyan takamaiman bukatun wasu al'ummomi. Waɗanda har yanzu suke neman "juyin juya hali" sun jawo hankalin ba'a—tuna da Rick daga The Young Ones (1982-84)—ba mabiya da yawa ba.
A taƙaice, dimokuradiyya ta yi aiki. Ta rage tashin hankali, ta magance korafe-korafe, kuma ta mayar da aikin fafutuka zuwa nau'ikan da suka fi amfani, marasa rarrabuwa, kuma marasa lahani. Fashin da Klette za ta yi gidan yari saboda shi ba shi da alaƙa da gwagwarmayar neman adalci na zamantakewa ko yaƙi da mulkin mallaka ko jari-hujja.
Hoton Böll na shida da miliyan 60 an wuce gona da iri, amma har yanzu yana da hankali. RAF ƴan mutane kaɗan ne, mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi na wani gefen masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ayyukansu sun yi babbar illa ga abubuwan ci gaba a Jamus ta Yamma da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ba wai yana son yaƙinsu na makamai ba, Böll yana fallasa gazawarsa ta asali.
Jason Burke shine marubucin The Revolutionists: The Story of the Extremists who Hijacked the 1970s kuma wakilin tsaro na duniya na Guardian.
Kuna da ra'ayi kan batutuwan da aka taso a wannan labarin? Idan kuna son ƙaddamar da amsa har zuwa kalmomi 300 ta imel don a yi la'akari da bugawa a sashin wasiƙunmu, da fatan za a danna nan.
Tambayoyin da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da yadda Jamus ta wargaza Red Army Faction da aka rubuta cikin yanayi na halitta tare da amsoshi masu haske
Tambayoyin Matakin Farko
1 Menene ainihin Red Army Faction
RAF ƙungiya ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hagu da ke aiki a Jamus ta Yamma daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 1990 Sun kai hare-haren bam, garkuwa da mutane, da kisan gilla da suka kai wa 'yan siyasa, shugabannin kasuwanci, da jami'an sojan Amurka, suna neman hambarar da abin da suke gani a matsayin ƙasa mai fasikanci
2 Ta yaya Jamus ta dakatar da RAF a ƙarshe
Jamus ta dakatar da RAF ta hanyar haɗin aikin 'yan sanda mai ƙarfi, sabbin dokoki, da dabarun dogon lokaci. Manyan dabaru sun haɗa da farauta mai yawa, sauraron waya, amfani da jami'an sirri, da keɓe membobin da aka kama a gidajen yari masu tsaro don karya hanyoyin sadarwarsu
3 Shin nasara ce ta soja ko 'yan sanda kawai
A'a, nasara ce ta dabara, ba ta soja kaɗai ba. Duk da cewa hare-haren 'yan sanda da kama mutane suna da mahimmanci, nasarar ta gaske ta zo ne daga yanke hanyar tallafin ƙungiyar, hana sabbin mambobi, da kuma sanya ta kasa aiki cikin 'yanci
4 Shin gwamnatin Jamus ta canza wasu dokoki saboda RAF
E, Jamus ta zartar da wasu dokoki masu rigima da suka haɗa da ba da izinin hana sadarwa da ƙara ikon sa ido. An yi muhawara sosai kan waɗannan dokokin amma ana ganin sun zama dole don wargaza ƙungiyar
5 Menene Kaka na Jamus na 1977
Kaka na Jamus shine kololuwar tashin hankalin RAF. A cikin 'yan watanni sun yi garkuwa da kuma kashe ɗan kasuwa Hanns Martin Schleyer, suka sace jirgin Lufthansa, kuma shugabanninsu suka kashe kansu a gidan yari. Wani rikici ne na ƙasa wanda ya tilasta gwamnati ta ɗauki mataki mai tsauri
Tambayoyin Matakin Tsaka-tsaki
6 Ta yaya Jamus ta yanke hanyar tallafin RAF
Sun kai hari ga matakin biyu na masu tallafawa—mutanen da ke ba da gidajen tsaro, takardun karya, da kuɗi amma ba su yi harbi ba. Ta hanyar sa ido da kariyar shaidu, sun mayar da masu ba da labari kuma suka kama masu samar da kayan aiki, suna hana 'yan ta'addan albarkatu
7 Shin gidajen yari masu tsaro sun yi aiki da gaske
E, ta wata hanya ta musamman. An keɓe membobin RAF a sassa na musamman ba tare da sadarwa da juna ko duniyar waje ba. Wannan ya hana su daidaita hare-hare daga gidan yari
