Bayan da yankin Ruhr na Jamus—wanda shine birni na uku mafi girma a Yammacin Turai—ya sha ruwan bama-bamai mai tsanani a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, masu tsara shirye-shirye suka fito da wata dabara mai wayo. Kimanin kashi 80% na yankin, wanda ya haɗa da manyan biranen kamar Essen da Duisburg, da kuma wasu kananan garuruwa da dama kamar Bochum da Gelsenkirchen, an lalata su. Don haka, a lokacin sake ginawa, wani sabon Diocese na Ruhr ya gina ɗaruruwan "Pantoffelkirchen," ko "coci-cocin silifas." Sun sami wannan suna saboda an gina su kusa da gidaje sosai har mutane za su iya tafiya zuwa taro a cikin silifas ɗinsu.
A yau, waɗannan coci-cocin silifas suna cikin raguwa mai tsanani. An kiyasta cewa har 300 ba a amfani da su ko kuma an watsar da su, kuma 100 an sayar da su a cikin shekara ta ƙarshe kawai. Har zuwa Oktoba, 12 daga cikinsu suna karbar bakuncin Manifesta, bikin fasaha mai tafiya. Waɗannan coci-cocin yanzu sun zama wuraren tsakiya na al'ummomin da aka lalata—a wannan karon ba ta yaƙi ba, amma ta hanyar rage masana'antu, rashin aikin yi mai yawa, da lalacewar muhalli.
Manifesta 16 Ruhr ba kamar Venice Biennale ba ce. Ka yi tunaninsa a matsayin taron Babban Al'adu da aka gudanar a West Midlands—wanda Ruhr yayi kama da shi sosai, a matsayin injin ci gaban ƙasa mai fama. Maimakon nune-nune a, misali, Birmingham ko Coventry, za a sa ran ka yi tafiya zuwa wurare kamar Bilston, Smethwick, ko Stourbridge. Wannan ya fi sauƙi a yi a Ruhr, inda tram ke ko'ina, har ma da ƙaramin Bochum yana da U-Bahn—ko da yake za ka lura cewa waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa an yi watsi da su tun lokacin da aka gina su a shekarun 1970. Da farko, biranen da garuruwan suna da kore, da kyau, da kuma haɗin kai fiye da takwarorinsu na Biritaniya, amma wannan ɗan ruɗi ne. Babbar hanyar A40 ta raba yawancin yankin zuwa wuraren talakawa da masu arziki, kuma ba sauƙi ba ne a yi tafiya daga ɗayan zuwa ɗayan.
Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo: Surreal... filin wasan kwando inda rasa harbi ke haifar da fashewa daga organ ɗin coci. Hoton: Rainer Schlautmann
Yawancin Ruhr yanzu ya fi Gabashin Jamus talauci, bayan shekaru da yawa na rage masana'antu da rushe tsarin jindadin jama'a. Gelsenkirchen tana da mafi girman kuri'u ga AfD mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a yammacin Jamus, da kuma mafi girman adadin rashin aikin yi. Don haka Manifesta ta shiga cikin yanki mai matukar muhimmanci ta hanyar ɗauka da ƙoƙarin sake tunanin tsarin zamantakewa na abin da zai iya zama kamar wuri mai mutuwa, tare da al'ummomin da suka rabu da tattalin arziki mai fama. Ta guji manyan wuraren masana'antu masu haske, ta mai da hankali a kan ƙananan coci-cocin da aka watsar a cikin unguwanni da gidaje. "Zan faɗi gaskiya: Ban damu da coci-coci ba, ina damu da unguwanni," in ji masanin gine-gine na Catalan kuma mai kula da Manifesta Josep Bohigas. "An gina coci-cocin ne don mutanen da ba sa nan." Bikin yana ƙoƙarin yin amfani da waɗannan tsarin da ba su da amfani—ko da yake sau da yawa suna da kyau—don cike gibin tsakanin abin da ya gabata da kuma gaba.
Ba duka ya yi aiki ba. Wasu daga cikin manyan coci-cocin da ba kowa sun ƙunshi wasu manyan fasahohi marasa komai—kamar kumfa mai shuɗi mai hurawa tare da rairayin bakin teku a ciki, wanda aka kafa a cikin St Josef na neo-gothic na ƙarni na 19 a Gelsenkirchen. St Gertrud na gothic na Essen, wanda aka keɓe kuma yanzu Makarantar Fine Arts ta gida ke amfani da shi, ɗan uwan Coventry Cathedral ne mai nisa; ragowar da suka tsira an gyara su kuma an haɗa su da wani coci na zamani a shekarun 1950. Yanzu, zane-zanen su na expressionist-Byzantine masu launi suna fuskantar benci da aka juye, wanda Nasan Tur ya mayar da su zane-zane na abstract—wata alama ce da ba ta da hankali.
Babban gini shine Kulturkirche Liebfrauen a Duisburg, wanda aka gina a 1958 kuma aka mayar da shi cibiyar fasaha a 2011. Gine-gine ne na zamani mai ban sha'awa tare da kuzari mai ƙarfi na cocin Katolika na Liverpool. Wasu shirye-shirye a nan suna kokawa don yin gasa da kyawawan zane-zane da sassaka, waɗanda aka yi asali don Pavilion na Vatican a Expo 58, tsakanin bangon Plexiglas mai haske. Amma wani fim mai ban sha'awa na fuska biyu na Elizabeth Price yana aiki da kyau a matsayin gabatarwa ga ra'ayoyin bikin, yana haɗa tunanin tashin bama-bamai na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu tare da tarihin waɗannan hanyoyin. Coci-cocin Roman Katolika da aka gina a Biritaniya bayan yaƙi don baƙi Irish.
[Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo]
Hangen Weimar ... Aikin Manifesta 16 a cikin Christ-König na Bochum. Hoton: Ivan Erofeev
Yawancin waɗannan coci-cocin sun kasance masu ƙarfin gine-gine. Ɗaya, Christ-König a Bochum, fashewar tubali ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Fritz Lang, wanda aka gina a shekarar ƙarshe ta Jamhuriyar Weimar. Amma goma daga cikin coci-cocin na bayan yaƙi ne. Hedwig Fijen, darektan Manifesta Ruhr, ta bayyana su a matsayin wuraren da masu gine-gine da ikilisiyoyi suka yi ƙoƙari "su yi tunanin wata al'umma daban" bayan "shekaru na yaƙi, kisan kare dangi da lalacewa." Duk da haka sun yi haka a cikin iyakokin tsohuwar duniya. Sabbin coci-cocin sun sami goyon baya mai ƙarfi daga dangin masana'antu na gida kamar Thyssen da Krupp, waɗanda suka ci gajiyar Nazism kuma sun fi son ma'aikatan su su kasance masu ibada. An ƙarfafa zuwan "ma'aikatan baƙi." Yawancin masu hakar ma'adinai da ma'aikatan masana'anta da suka sake gina yankin kuma suka haifar da "mu'ujizar tattalin arziki" sun fito ne daga kudancin Turai na Katolika, da kuma Girka da, musamman, Turkiyya.
An ba da labarinsu a nan a cikin "coci-cocin silifas"—ƙananan gine-gine masu haske waɗanda a fili suka ƙarfafa mafi yawan tunani daga masu kula da fasaha da masu fasaha. Na farko da na gani, St Marien a Essen, ya bambanta sosai da coci-cocin tsakiyar birni masu tsabta. An tsara shi a 1963, tare da gilashin da aka yi da launi mai ban sha'awa na Manfred Ott, yana da tauri, tubali ja, kuma ɗan lalacewa. Yana zaune a wani yanki na ma'aikata, mai al'adu da yawa a gaban wani wurin sayayya inda masana'antu suka taɓa tsayawa. An yi amfani da cocin ba shekaru da yawa, kuma ayyukan fasaha suna wasa da jigon filin bam, cike da gutsuttsura da tarkace. Ka gane yawan nau'ikan maganganun gine-gine a cikin coci-cocin silifas lokacin da ka tafi daga can zuwa Markuskirche na Furotesta na Essen, wanda aka gina a 1961, tare da kyakkyawan bangon gilashin da aka yi da zane mai laushi. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da al'ummarsa, kusa da makarantar reno da gidan kula da tsofaffi. Babban "aikin fasaha" a nan shine saitin kujerun katako da wuraren wasa na ƙungiyar Pele ta Portuguese. Lokacin da na ziyarta, yana jin kamar bikin makaranta fiye da nunin fasaha mai nauyi.
[Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo]
Tsare-tsare bayan yaƙi ... Kulturkirche Liebfrauen a Duisburg an mayar da shi cibiyar fasaha a 2011. Hoton: Ivan Erofeev
Mafi ƙarfi da ayyukan da suka dace ba su da kyau sosai. Dukansu Gürsoy Doğtaş ne ya shirya su, masanin tarihin fasaha wanda iyayensa 'yan Turkiyya ne "ma'aikatan baƙi." Tawagarsa ta sake suna coci-coci biyu a Gelsenkirchen: St Bonifatius ya zama Lambun Shayi na Ferdane Satır, mai suna bayan ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan baƙi Bakwai na Turkiyya da 'yan fasista suka kashe a wani harin konewa a Duisburg a 1984; kuma Thomaskirche an sake suna bayan Hava Güleç, ma'aikaciyar masana'anta ta gida da ake kallon ginshiƙin al'umma. St Bonifatius (1963) yana cikin al'adar tubali ja mai ƙarfi kuma yana tsaye a wani yanki mai yawan jama'a a kan babbar hanya. Ya zama gidan kayan gargajiya na fasaha na kwarewar ma'aikatan baƙi.
A Thomaskirche, sararin samaniya mai haske yana kallon "Aboki," wani babban hoton tattabara da mai fasaha Gülbin Ünlü ya buga. Ya haɗa da fim ɗin Judith Raum game da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Baghdad da Jamus ta kera, wanda ke aiki a matsayin wani nau'in tarihi: masana'antun Jamus suna yin maganganu masu yarda game da ma'aikatan Ottoman masu biyayya waɗanda ba sa yajin aiki kuma ba sa neman ƙarin albashi. A ƙasa, hotuna suna rubuta gwagwarmayar ma'aikatan baƙi na Turkiyya da yajin aiki a Jamus shekaru 70 bayan haka. Thomaskirche an sadaukar da shi ga yadudduka da aikin masana'anta na mata a wani yanki na tsoffin injinan niƙa—akwai wuraren shirya yadudduka na jama'a a zauren cocin. Abin sha'awa, coci-cocin Gelsenkirchen suna cike da fasaha daga ma'aikata, maimakon aiki game da su. Da yawa sun fara a matsayin ma'aikatan baƙi—kamar Abuzer Güle, wanda zane-zanensa na Anatolian na expressionist aka rataya a kan firam ɗin masana'antu a Thomaskirche, ko Hanefi Yeter, wanda "Lokacin da Duniya Ta Kone," wani kwatancin Ruhr na apocalyptic kamar Diego Rivera daga 1984, yana rataye a St Bonifatius.
[Duba hoto a cikin cikakken allo]
'Kyakkyawan gilashin zane mai laushi' ... ƙarin aikin Manifesta a cikin Markuskirche a Essen. Hoton Silviu Guiman ya kama wurin. Amma farkon bunƙasar Ruhr, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an yi ta ne da ƙarfin aikin Poland. A cikin cocin Gethsemane da ba a yi amfani da shi a Bochum—ɗaya daga cikin "coci-cocin gaggawa" da yawa da Otto Bartning na zamani na Weimar ya tsara, wanda al'ummar gida suka gina shi daga tarkace a 1947—mai kula da Poland Krzysztof Kosciuczuk ya tattara ayyuka masu ban dariya da wasa game da ƙaura. A wajen cocin, a wani yanki mai natsuwa na ƙananan gidaje da lambuna, akwai wani gidan wasa mai hurawa mai siffar kararrawa coci. Wanda mai fasaha na Belarus Marina Naprushkina ya yi, da farko yana kama da wani abu mara hankali, abokantaka—har sai ka karanta rubutun mai ƙarfi: "Ba Za Mu Taɓa Komawa Ba!"
Duk wannan, ba shakka, na ɗan lokaci ne. Wani aiki, a cikin wani cocin silifas na 1960—ƙaramin St Ludgerus na Bochum mai kusurwa—an mayar da shi filin wasan kwando. Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne: a Gelsenkirchen, St Josef ya taɓa samun ɗaya na ɗan lokaci. Amma abin da wannan, wanda masu fasaha na Catalan Cabosanroque suka tsara, yake yi shi ne ƙarfafa rashin ƙwarewa. Idan ka rasa raga, wani ƙarfi mai ƙarfi daga organ ɗin coci yana tashi. Za ka iya zama a cikin "wuraren zama" da aka yi daga benci na coci kuma ka kalli wani yanayi mai ban mamaki yana faruwa, yayin da matasan gida da masu ziyartar bikin, da hasken gilashin da aka yi da launi, ke ƙoƙarin rasa harbin su. Yana da ban sha'awa daidai saboda rashin gaskiya da ban mamaki.
Waɗannan ƙananan coci-cocin silifas na zamani an gina su ne a kan fahimtar juna: zamani mai ƙarfin su ya samo asali ne daga imanin da ikilisiyoyin ma'aikata suka yi. Ba tare da irin wannan haɗin kai ba, wannan haɗin zanga-zanga, sha'awa, da gwajin sararin samaniya yana nuna cewa bambancin zai iya har yanzu ƙirƙirar wurare masu ban mamaki—idan an ba su kuɗi da lokaci, dukansu galibi ba su da yawa a wurare kamar Ruhr. Manifesta 16 Ruhr yana gudana har zuwa Oktoba 4.
Tambayoyi da Aka Yi Yawa
Anan akwai jerin tambayoyin da aka yi yawa game da batun A Ruhr treat can a giant pigeon and a pink basketball breathe new life into Germanys struggling industrial heartland
Tambayoyi na Matakin Farko
1 Menene wannan babban tattabara da ƙwallon kwando mai ruwan hoda
Wannan suna ne na wani babban kayan fasaha mai launi a yankin Ruhr na Jamus Babban tattabara wani babban sassaka ne na tsuntsu kuma ƙwallon kwando mai ruwan hoda wani babban ƙwallo ne mai haske Suna cikin wani aiki don jawo hankalin maziyarta zuwa tsoffin wuraren masana'antu
2 Me yasa suke sanya fasaha a wani yanki na masana'antu
Yankin Ruhr ya kasance yana cike da ma'adinan kwal da masana'antun ƙarfe Lokacin da waɗannan suka rufe yankin ya rasa ayyuka da mutane Manufar ita ce a yi amfani da fasaha kamar waɗannan manyan sassaka don mayar da tsoffin masana'antu da ma'adinai zuwa wuraren jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido, suna kawo sabon kuɗi da hankali
3 Shin wannan game da mutum-mutumi biyu ne kawai
A'a Tattabara da ƙwallon kwando sune kawai misalai mafi jan hankali Babban burin shine babban shiri don amfani da fasaha al'ada da kasuwancin ƙirƙira don canza tattalin arziki da hoton yankin
4 Wanene ya biya wannan
Ayyukan yawanci ana samun kuɗi ne daga haɗin tallafin gwamnati, gidauniyoyin al'adu, da kuma wasu masu tallafawa masu zaman kansu
5 Shin wannan ya yi aiki a wasu wurare a baya
Ee mafi shahararren misali shine Gidan Tarihi na Guggenheim a Bilbao, Spain Wani gini mai ban sha'awa ya mayar da wani birni mai fama da masana'antu zuwa babban wurin yawon bude ido Yankin Ruhr yana ƙoƙarin yin wani nau'i mai yaduwa na wannan ra'ayin
Tambayoyi na Matakin Ci Gaba
6 Menene manyan matsalolin amfani da fasaha don farfado da tsohon yankin masana'antu
Babban haɗari shine gentrification Fasaha na iya sa yanki ya zama mai sha'awa, yana haɓaka haya kuma yana fitar da mazaunan ma'aikata na asali Wata matsala ita ce tana iya haifar da al'adun pop-up na ɗan lokaci wanda ba ya haifar da ayyuka masu dorewa na dogon lokaci ga mazauna gida Hakanan yana iya jin karya ko an sanya shi daga waje
7 Yaya wannan aikin Ruhr treat ya bambanta da tasirin Bilbao
Bilbao wani gini ne guda ɗaya mai ban sha'awa Yankin Ruhr yana amfani da hanyar sadarwa na wurare da yawa da ake kira Hanyar Gadon Masana'antu Wannan hanya ce mai rarraba, tana yada maziyarta a ko'ina cikin yanki
